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      SARS-CoV-2 infection in infants under 1 year of age in Wuhan City, China

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          Abstract

          Background

          The clinical characteristics and outcome of COVID-19 in children are different from those in adults. We aimed to describe the characteristics of infants under 1 year of age (excluding newborns) with COVID-19.

          Methods

          We retrospectively retrieved data of 36 infants with SARS-CoV-2 infection in Wuhan Children’s Hospital from January 26 to March 22, 2020. Clinical features, chest imaging findings, laboratory tests results, treatments and clinical outcomes were analyzed.

          Results

          The mean age of the infected infants was 6.43 months, with a range of 2–12 months. 61.11% of the patients were males and 38.89% females. 86.11% of the infants were infected due to family clustering. Cough (77.78%) and fever (47.22%) were the most common clinical manifestations. Chest CT scan revealed 61.11% bilateral pneumonia and 36.11% unilateral pneumonia. 47.22% of the infants developed complications. Increased leucocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and thrombocytes were observed in 11.11, 8.33, 36.11 and 44.44% of infants, respectively. Decreased leucocytes, neutrophils, thrombocyte and hemoglobin were observed in 8.33, 19.44, 2.78 and 36.11% of infants, respectively. Increased C-reactive protein, procalcitonin, lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase and D-dimer were observed in 19.44, 67.74, 47.22, 19.44, 22.22 and 20.69% of infants, respectively. Only one infant had a high level of creatinine. Co-infections with other respiratory pathogens were observed in 62.86% of infants. CD3 (20.69%), CD4 (68.97%), CD19 (31.03%) and Th/Ts (44.83%) were elevated; CD8 (6.9%) and CD16+CD56 (48.28%) was reduced. IL-4 (7.69%), IL-6 (19.23%), IL-10 (50%), TNF-α (11.54%) and IFN-γ (19.23%) were elevated. Up to March 22, 97.22% of infants recovered, while a critical ill infant died. When the infant’s condition deteriorates rapidly, lymphocytopenia was discovered. Meanwhile, C-reactive protein, D-dimer, alanine aminotransferase, creatine kinase, creatinine, IL-6 and IL-10 increased significantly.

          Conclusions

          In the cohort, we discovered that lymphocytosis, elevated CD4 and IL-10, and co-infections were common in infants with COVID-19, which were different from adults with COVID-19. Most infants with COVID-19 have mild clinical symptoms and good prognosis.

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          Most cited references25

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          Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China

          Summary Background A recent cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan, China, was caused by a novel betacoronavirus, the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV). We report the epidemiological, clinical, laboratory, and radiological characteristics and treatment and clinical outcomes of these patients. Methods All patients with suspected 2019-nCoV were admitted to a designated hospital in Wuhan. We prospectively collected and analysed data on patients with laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection by real-time RT-PCR and next-generation sequencing. Data were obtained with standardised data collection forms shared by WHO and the International Severe Acute Respiratory and Emerging Infection Consortium from electronic medical records. Researchers also directly communicated with patients or their families to ascertain epidemiological and symptom data. Outcomes were also compared between patients who had been admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and those who had not. Findings By Jan 2, 2020, 41 admitted hospital patients had been identified as having laboratory-confirmed 2019-nCoV infection. Most of the infected patients were men (30 [73%] of 41); less than half had underlying diseases (13 [32%]), including diabetes (eight [20%]), hypertension (six [15%]), and cardiovascular disease (six [15%]). Median age was 49·0 years (IQR 41·0–58·0). 27 (66%) of 41 patients had been exposed to Huanan seafood market. One family cluster was found. Common symptoms at onset of illness were fever (40 [98%] of 41 patients), cough (31 [76%]), and myalgia or fatigue (18 [44%]); less common symptoms were sputum production (11 [28%] of 39), headache (three [8%] of 38), haemoptysis (two [5%] of 39), and diarrhoea (one [3%] of 38). Dyspnoea developed in 22 (55%) of 40 patients (median time from illness onset to dyspnoea 8·0 days [IQR 5·0–13·0]). 26 (63%) of 41 patients had lymphopenia. All 41 patients had pneumonia with abnormal findings on chest CT. Complications included acute respiratory distress syndrome (12 [29%]), RNAaemia (six [15%]), acute cardiac injury (five [12%]) and secondary infection (four [10%]). 13 (32%) patients were admitted to an ICU and six (15%) died. Compared with non-ICU patients, ICU patients had higher plasma levels of IL2, IL7, IL10, GSCF, IP10, MCP1, MIP1A, and TNFα. Interpretation The 2019-nCoV infection caused clusters of severe respiratory illness similar to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and was associated with ICU admission and high mortality. Major gaps in our knowledge of the origin, epidemiology, duration of human transmission, and clinical spectrum of disease need fulfilment by future studies. Funding Ministry of Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and Beijing Municipal Science and Technology Commission.
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            Clinical and immunologic features in severe and moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019

            Journal of Clinical Investigation
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              Epidemiological Characteristics of 2143 Pediatric Patients With 2019 Coronavirus Disease in China

              To identify the epidemiological characteristics and transmission patterns of pediatric patients with the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) in China.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                tianyirabbit@163.com
                liuzsc@126.com
                Journal
                World J Pediatr
                World J Pediatr
                World Journal of Pediatrics
                Springer Singapore (Singapore )
                1708-8569
                1867-0687
                5 June 2020
                : 1-7
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Department of Neurology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, Hubei China
                [2 ]GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Department of Hematology, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, Hubei China
                [3 ]GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Department of Respiratory Diseases, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, China
                [4 ]GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Institute of Maternal and Child Health, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Huazhong University and Technology, ; Wuhan, China
                [5 ]GRID grid.33199.31, ISNI 0000 0004 0368 7223, Department of Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Children’s Hospital, Tongji Medical College, , Huazhong University of Science and Technology, ; Wuhan, China
                Article
                368
                10.1007/s12519-020-00368-y
                7274073
                ad01c0dc-87eb-4d1e-9c0a-f277bf8395cb
                © Children's Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine 2020

                This article is made available via the PMC Open Access Subset for unrestricted research re-use and secondary analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source. These permissions are granted for the duration of the World Health Organization (WHO) declaration of COVID-19 as a global pandemic.

                History
                : 5 April 2020
                : 11 May 2020
                Categories
                Original Article

                covid-19,coronavirus infant infection,sars-cov-2 
                covid-19, coronavirus infant infection, sars-cov-2 

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