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      Actividad anti-Trichophyton rubrum del aceite esencial de Clinopodium brevicalyx y elaboración de una emulsión tópica Translated title: Anti-Trichophyton rubrum activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium brevicalyx and elaboration of a topical emulsion

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          Abstract

          RESUMEN Clinopodium brevicalyx crece en regiones altoandinas sureñas del Perú y tiene amplio uso popular, sin embargo, hasta la fecha no se tienen investigaciones sobre su actividad frente a Trichophyton rubrum, hongo dermatofito antropofílico con afinidad por la queratina humana y de difícil tratamiento, causante de las micosis superficiales más frecuentes como el pie de atleta, tiña e infecciones en las uñas. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar la actividad del aceite esencial de Clinopodium brevicalyx sobre Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por hidrodestilación, el porcentaje de rendimiento fue de 1,98 ± 0,02% (p/v), sus características fisicoquímicas fueron: densidad relativa de 0,93654 g/mL, un índice de refracción de 1,4625, una rotación óptica de 2,14°, un pH de 6,20. La composición química del aceite esencial se determinó usando un cromatógrafo de gases acoplado a un espectrómetro de masas, identificando como componentes principales: isomentona (44,24%), mentona (22,22 %) y pulegona (8,23 %). La sensibilidad de T. rubrum se evaluó por el método de difusión en disco, estableciendo que a mayor concentración de aceite existe mayor sensibilidad del hongo, la concentración mínima inhibitoria del aceite se determinó por el método de macrodilución en caldo, obteniendo una concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) de 125 μL/mL. La emulsión tópica con diferentes porcentajes de aceite esencial presentó actividad antimicótica a partir del 12,5% usando el método de macrodilución. Concluyendo, que tanto el aceite esencial y la emulsión al 12,5% tienen actividad antifúngica contra Trichophyton rubrum.

          Translated abstract

          ABSTRACT Clinopodium brevicalyx grows in the southern high Andean regions of Peru and has wide popular use, however to date there is no research on its activity against Trichophyton rubrum, an anthropophilic dermatophyte fungus with an affinity for human keratin and difficult to treat, causing the most common superficial mycoses such as athlete's foot, ringworm and nail infections. The aim of this research was to determine the activity of the essential oil of Clinopodium brevicalyx against Trichophyton rubrum ATCC 28188. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation, the extraction rate was 1.98 ± 0.02% (w/v), and the physicochemical characteristics were: relative density of 0.93654 g/mL, a refractive index of 1.4625, an optical rotation of 2.14°, and pH of 6.20. The chemical composition of the essential oil was determined using a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer, identifying as main components: isomentone (44.24 %), menthone (22.22 %) and pulegone (8.23 %). The sensitivity of T. rubrum was evaluated by the disk diffusion method, establishing that at higher oil concentration more sensitivity of the fungus, the minimum inhibitory concentration of the oil was determined by the broth macro-dilution, obtaining a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 125 μL/mL. The topical emulsion with different percentages of essential oil, showed antifungal activity since 12.5% using the macrodilution method. Concluding that both the essential oil and the emulsion at 12.5% have antifungal activity against Trichophyton rubrum.

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          Medicinal plants: future source of new drugs

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            Antifungal activity of geraniol and citronellol, two monoterpenes alcohols, against Trichophyton rubrum involves inhibition of ergosterol biosynthesis.

            Trichophyton rubrum is the most common fungus causing chronic dermatophytosis in humans. Antifungal activity of promising agents is of great interest. Geraniol and citronellol are monoterpenes with antimicrobial properties.
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              Management of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis: A comprehensive review

              The prevalence of superficial mycotic infection worldwide is 20–25% of which dermatophytes are the most common agents. Recent developments in understanding the pathophysiology of dermatophytosis have confirmed the central role of cell-mediated immunity in countering these infections. Hence, a lack of delayed hypersensitivity reaction in presence of a positive immediate hypersensitivity (IH) response to trichophytin antigen points toward the chronicity of disease. Diagnosis, though essentially clinical should be confirmed by laboratory-based investigations. Several new techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and mass spectroscopy can help to identify the different dermatophyte strains. Management involves the use of topical antifungals in limited disease, and oral therapy is usually reserved for more extensive cases. The last few years have seen a significant rise in the incidence of chronic dermatophyte infections of skin which have proven difficult to treat. However, due to the lack of updated national or international guidelines on the management of tinea corporis, cruris, and pedis, treatment with systemic antifungals is often empirical. The present review aims to revisit this important topic and will detail the recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedia while highlighting the lack of clarity of certain management issues.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                ria
                Revista de Investigaciones Altoandinas
                Rev. investig. Altoandin.
                Universidad Nacional del Altiplano (Puno, , Peru )
                2313-2957
                April 2020
                : 22
                : 2
                : 182-190
                Affiliations
                [1] Cusco Cusco orgnameUniversidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco orgdiv1Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioquímica Peru
                [3] Cusco Cusco orgnameUniversidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco orgdiv1Escuela Profesional de Farmacia y Bioquímica orgdiv2Laboratorio de Tecnología Farmacéutica Peru
                [2] Cusco Cusco orgnameUniversidad Nacional San Antonio Abad del Cusco orgdiv1Escuela Profesional de Química Peru
                Article
                S2313-29572020000200182 S2313-2957(20)02200200182
                10.18271/ria.2020.606
                ad0dfd57-9f28-4fd0-a2b3-8222f5cef73f

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 13 November 2019
                : 30 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 30, Pages: 9
                Product

                SciELO Peru

                Categories
                Reporte de Caso

                cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas,broth macrodilution,Composición química,macrodilución en caldo,difusión en agar,agar diffusion,Gas chromatography-mass espectrometry,Chemical composition

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