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      International Journal of COPD (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on pathophysiological processes underlying Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) interventions, patient focused education, and self-management protocols. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Impacts of Different Spirometry Reference Equations and Diagnostic Criteria on the Frequency of Airway Obstruction in Adult People of North China

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          Abstract

          Background and Objective

          The reference equations and diagnostic criteria play a critical role in the interpretation of pulmonary function tests (PFTs). The aim was to investigate the impacts of different reference equations and diagnostic criteria on the frequency of airway obstruction in adult people of a large teaching hospital of North China.

          Methods

          The spirometry data of all adult people who underwent PFTs in Qilu hospital from April 2012 to November 2015 were collected. Two spirometry reference equations, namely, Zhongshan-2011 and Global Lung Function Initiative 2012 (GLI-2012) were compared. The frequency of airway obstruction using different spirometry prediction equations and diagnostic criteria including forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1)/forced vital capacity (FVC) <92% of predicted value and FEV1/FVC <lower limits of normal (LLN) were investigated.

          Results

          A total of 57,888 subjects were recruited with a mean age of 55.5 ± 13.72. There were significant differences in LLN and predicted value between the GLI-2012 and Zhongshan-2011. The average age of those who had an LLN of FEV1/FVC below 0.7 was 66.59 ± 6.05 years using GLI-2012, which was significantly lower than that in Zhongshan-2011 (77.46±2.63, P<0.001). Using FEV1/FVC<LLN as diagnostic criteria, Zhongshan-2011 identifies more obstructive subjects than GLI-2012 in each age group. In 45–59 or 60–80 age group, more participants were defined as obstructive using FEV1/FVC<92%pred than FEV1/FVC<LLN (both P<0.001).

          Conclusion

          Zhongshan-2011 identifies more airway obstruction than GLI-2012 in adult people of North China. Compared to FEV1/FVC<LLN, FEV1/FVC<92%pred may lead to overdiagnosis of airway obstruction in elderly people.

          Most cited references20

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          Tiotropium versus salmeterol for the prevention of exacerbations of COPD.

          Claus Vogelmeier, Bettina M Hederer, Thomas Glaab … (2011)
          Treatment guidelines recommend the use of inhaled long-acting bronchodilators to alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of exacerbations in patients with moderate-to-very-severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but do not specify whether a long-acting anticholinergic drug or a β(2)-agonist is the preferred agent. We investigated whether the anticholinergic drug tiotropium is superior to the β(2)-agonist salmeterol in preventing exacerbations of COPD. In a 1-year, randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, parallel-group trial, we compared the effect of treatment with 18 μg of tiotropium once daily with that of 50 μg of salmeterol twice daily on the incidence of moderate or severe exacerbations in patients with moderate-to-very-severe COPD and a history of exacerbations in the preceding year. A total of 7376 patients were randomly assigned to and treated with tiotropium (3707 patients) or salmeterol (3669 patients). Tiotropium, as compared with salmeterol, increased the time to the first exacerbation (187 days vs. 145 days), with a 17% reduction in risk (hazard ratio, 0.83; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.77 to 0.90; P<0.001). Tiotropium also increased the time to the first severe exacerbation (hazard ratio, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.61 to 0.85; P<0.001), reduced the annual number of moderate or severe exacerbations (0.64 vs. 0.72; rate ratio, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83 to 0.96; P=0.002), and reduced the annual number of severe exacerbations (0.09 vs. 0.13; rate ratio, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.66 to 0.82; P<0.001). Overall, the incidence of serious adverse events and of adverse events leading to the discontinuation of treatment was similar in the two study groups. There were 64 deaths (1.7%) in the tiotropium group and 78 (2.1%) in the salmeterol group. These results show that, in patients with moderate-to-very-severe COPD, tiotropium is more effective than salmeterol in preventing exacerbations. (Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim and Pfizer; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00563381.).
          Article 0 comments Cited 205 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effect of tiotropium on outcomes in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (UPLIFT): a prespecified subgroup analysis of a randomised controlled trial.

            Marc DeCramer, Bartolome R Celli, Steven Kesten … (2009)
            The beneficial effects of pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are well established. However, there are few data for treatment in the early stages of the disease. We examined the effect of tiotropium on outcomes in a large subgroup of patients with moderate COPD. The Understanding Potential Long-Term Impacts on Function with Tiotropium (UPLIFT) study was a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial undertaken in 487 centres in 37 countries. 5993 patients aged 40 years or more with COPD were randomly assigned to receive 4 years of treatment with either once daily tiotropium (18 microg; n=2987) or matching placebo (n=3006), delivered by an inhalation device. Randomisation was by computer-generated blocks of four, with stratification according to study site. In a prespecified subgroup analysis, we investigated the effects of tiotropium in patients with Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) stage II disease. Primary endpoints were the yearly rates of decline in prebronchodilator forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and in postbronchodilator FEV(1), beginning on day 30 until completion of double-blind treatment. The analysis included all patients who had at least three measurements of pulmonary function. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00144339. 2739 participants (mean age 64 years [SD 9]) had GOLD stage II disease at randomisation (tiotropium, n=1384; control, n=1355), with a mean postbronchodilator FEV(1) of 1.63 L (SD 0.37; 59% of predicted value). 1218 patients in the tiotropium group and 1157 in the control group had three or more measurements of postbronchodilator pulmonary function after day 30 and were included in the analysis. The rate of decline of mean postbronchodilator FEV(1) was lower in the tiotropium group than in the control group (43 mL per year [SE 2] vs 49 mL per year [SE 2], p=0.024). For prebronchodilator pulmonary function, 1221 patients in the tiotropium group and 1158 in the control group had three or more measurements and were included in the analysis. The rate of decline of mean prebronchodilator FEV(1) did not differ between groups (35 mL per year [SE 2] vs 37 mL per year [SE 2]; p=0.38). Health status, measured with the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire, was better at all timepoints in the tiotropium group than in the control group (p
            Article 0 comments Cited 159 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Risk of over-diagnosis of COPD in asymptomatic elderly never-smokers.

              I Ellingsen, P Bakke, O Mørkve … (2002)
              The Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) has defined stage I chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC)% 80%. Stage 2 has been defined as FEV1/FVC 70 yrs in Bergen, Norway. A respiratory questionnaire was mailed to a random sample of 2,871 persons aged >70 yrs. In a random, well-defined subgroup of 208 never-smoker respondents with no current respiratory disease and significant dyspnoea or heart disease/hypertension complicated with dyspnoea, 71 were able to perform an acceptable spirometry. Approximately 35% of these healthy, elderly never-smokers had an FEV1/FVC% of 80 yrs approximately 50% would be classified as having COPD and approximately one-third would have an FEV1 of 70 yrs. The criteria used to define the various stages of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease need to be age-specific.
              Article 0 comments Cited 106 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis
                Journal ID (publisher-id): COPD
                Journal ID (pmc): copd
                Title: International Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Print): 1176-9106
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-2005
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 March 2020
                Publication date Collection: 2020
                Volume: 15
                Pages: 651-659
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , Jinan, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Wei Xiao Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University , 107 Wenhua West Road, Jinan250012, People’s Republic of China Tel/Fax +86 53182166294 Email xiaowei4226@163.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3132-5890
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4356-209X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0488-4654
                Article
                Publisher ID: 232863
                DOI: 10.2147/COPD.S232863
                PMC ID: 7112747
                SO-VID: ad112e7b-6bf1-45d8-ad97-18606e0f7cbc
                Copyright © © 2020 Xie et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 29 September 2019
                Date accepted : 13 March 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 5, References: 32, Pages: 9
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine
                Keywords: lung function,lln,airflow limitation,reference equations,copd
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Respiratory medicine
                Keywords: lung function, lln, airflow limitation, reference equations, copd

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