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      New Self-assembled Supramolecular Bowls as Potent Anticancer Agents for Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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          Abstract

          We report herein on the design, synthesis and biological activity of Ru-based self-assembled supramolecular bowls as a potent anticancer therapeutic in human hepatocellular cancer. The potent complex induces production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by higher fatty acid β-oxidation and down-regulation of glucose transporter-mediated pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 1 via reduced hypoxia-inducible factor 1α. Also, overexpressed acetyl-CoA activates the tricarboxylic acid cycle and the electron transport system and induces hypergeneration of ROS. Finally, ROS overexpressed through this pathway leads to apoptosis. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the naphthalene derived molecular bowl activates classical apoptosis via crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic signal pathway. Our work into the mechanism of Ru-based self-assembled supramolecular bowls can provide valuable insight into the potential for use as a promising anticancer agent.

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          Most cited references41

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            Energy metabolism of cancer: Glycolysis versus oxidative phosphorylation (Review).

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            Metabolic activities in normal cells rely primarily on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) to generate ATP for energy. Unlike in normal cells, glycolysis is enhanced and OXPHOS capacity is reduced in various cancer cells. It has long been believed that the glycolytic phenotype in cancer is due to a permanent impairment of mitochondrial OXPHOS, as proposed by Otto Warburg. This view is challenged by recent investigations which find that the function of mitochondrial OXPHOS in most cancers is intact. Aerobic glycolysis in many cancers is the combined result of various factors such as oncogenes, tumor suppressors, a hypoxic microenvironment, mtDNA mutations, genetic background and others. Understanding the features and complexity of the cancer energy metabolism will help to develop new approaches in early diagnosis and effectively target therapy of cancer.
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              Self-assembly of discrete cyclic nanostructures mediated by transition metals.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                ihkim@gmail.com
                sckang@khu.ac.kr
                kwchi@ulsan.ac.kr
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                18 January 2019
                18 January 2019
                2019
                : 9
                : 242
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2171 7818, GRID grid.289247.2, Department of Oriental Medicine Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, , Kyung Hee University, ; Yongin, 17104 Republic of Korea
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0533 4667, GRID grid.267370.7, Department of Chemistry, , University of Ulsan, ; Ulsan, 44610 Republic of Korea
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0691 7707, GRID grid.418979.a, Convergence Materials Laboratory, , Korea Institute of Energy Research, ; Daejeon, 28119 Republic of Korea
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2668-8267
                Article
                36755
                10.1038/s41598-018-36755-9
                6338755
                30659228
                ad25a9d4-3fcc-49e6-8e72-871aef5f8633
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 6 December 2017
                : 27 November 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003725, National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF);
                Award ID: 2014R1A1A2007897
                Award ID: 2014R1A1A2007897
                Award ID: 2014R1A1A2007897
                Award ID: 2014R1A1A2007897
                Award ID: 2014R1A1A2007897
                Award ID: 2016R1A2B4007433
                Award ID: 2016R1A2B4007433
                Award ID: 2014R1A1A2007897
                Award Recipient :
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