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      Effects of Attenuated S. agalactiae Strain YM001 on Intestinal Microbiota of Tilapia Are Recoverable

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          Abstract

          Previously, we constructed and characterized the vaccine efficacy of attenuated S. agalactiae strain YM001 in tilapia. In this study, the potential impacts of YM001 on the tilapia intestinal microbiota were assessed by qPCR and 16S rRNA sequencing methods. The results showed that YM001 distributed unevenly in different parts of intestine, peaked in the intestine at 12 h after oral administration, and then declined gradually. YM001 caused 0% mortality of fish during the entire experimental period, while the referent strain HN016 caused 100% mortality at 3 d after oral administration. However, the intestinal microbiota could be changed by YM001, the diversity of intestinal microbiota decreased first and gradually recovered after oral administration. The diversity of intestinal microbiota of tilapia was negatively correlated with the content of HN016 in the intestinal tract. The oral YM001 mainly changed the abundance of Streptococcus, Cetobacterium, Akkermansia, Romboutsia, Bacteroides, Brevinema, Lachnospiraceae_NK4A136-group, coprothermobactter, presiomonas, and Roseburia in intestine. The present study indicate that oral administration of YM001 altered the diversity and composition of intestinal microbiota in tilapia, but these change were only temporary, non-lethal, and recoverable. The results provide a more comprehensive experimental basis for the safety of oral YM001 vaccines.

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          Most cited references28

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          Antibiotics and antibiotic resistance in water environments.

          Antibiotic-resistant organisms enter into water environments from human and animal sources. These bacteria are able to spread their genes into water-indigenous microbes, which also contain resistance genes. On the contrary, many antibiotics from industrial origin circulate in water environments, potentially altering microbial ecosystems. Risk assessment protocols for antibiotics and resistant bacteria in water, based on better systems for antibiotics detection and antibiotic-resistance microbial source tracking, are starting to be discussed. Methods to reduce resistant bacterial load in wastewaters, and the amount of antimicrobial agents, in most cases originated in hospitals and farms, include optimization of disinfection procedures and management of wastewater and manure. A policy for preventing mixing human-originated and animal-originated bacteria with environmental organisms seems advisable.
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            Evidence for a core gut microbiota in the zebrafish.

            Experimental analysis of gut microbial communities and their interactions with vertebrate hosts is conducted predominantly in domesticated animals that have been maintained in laboratory facilities for many generations. These animal models are useful for studying coevolved relationships between host and microbiota only if the microbial communities that occur in animals in lab facilities are representative of those that occur in nature. We performed 16S rRNA gene sequence-based comparisons of gut bacterial communities in zebrafish collected recently from their natural habitat and those reared for generations in lab facilities in different geographic locations. Patterns of gut microbiota structure in domesticated zebrafish varied across different lab facilities in correlation with historical connections between those facilities. However, gut microbiota membership in domesticated and recently caught zebrafish was strikingly similar, with a shared core gut microbiota. The zebrafish intestinal habitat therefore selects for specific bacterial taxa despite radical differences in host provenance and domestication status.
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              Early life stress alters behavior, immunity, and microbiota in rats: implications for irritable bowel syndrome and psychiatric illnesses.

              Adverse early life events are associated with a maladaptive stress response system and might increase the vulnerability to disease in later life. Several disorders have been associated with early life stress, ranging from depression to irritable bowel syndrome. This makes the identification of the neurobiological substrates that are affected by adverse experiences in early life invaluable. The purpose of this study was to assess the effect of early life stress on the brain-gut axis. Male rat pups were stressed by separating them from their mothers for 3 hours daily between postnatal days 2-12. The control group was left undisturbed with their mothers. Behavior, immune response, stress sensitivity, visceral sensation, and fecal microbiota were analyzed. The early life stress increased the number of fecal boli in response to a novel stress. Plasma corticosterone was increased in the maternally separated animals. An increase in the systemic immune response was noted in the stressed animals after an in vitro lipopolysaccharide challenge. Increased visceral sensation was seen in the stressed group. There was an alteration of the fecal microbiota when compared with the control group. These results show that this form of early life stress results in an altered brain-gut axis and is therefore an important model for investigating potential mechanistic insights into stress-related disorders including depression and IBS.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                09 January 2019
                2018
                : 9
                : 3251
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Guangxi Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genetic Breeding and Healthy Aquaculture, Guangxi Institute of Fisheries , Nanning, China
                [2] 2Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccines and Diagnostics, Department of Bacteriology, Guangxi Veterinary Research Institute , Nanning, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: George Tsiamis, University of Patras, Greece

                Reviewed by: Carmen Wacher, National Autonomous University of Mexico, Mexico; Spyridon Ntougias, Democritus University of Thrace, Greece

                *Correspondence: Ming Chen cm990919@ 123456163.com

                This article was submitted to Systems Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                †These authors have contributed equally to this work

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2018.03251
                6333689
                ad32d969-5e28-4cde-a637-a59230cfc3a1
                Copyright © 2019 Li, Li, Huang, Liu, Lei, Ma, Chen and Chen.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 13 August 2018
                : 14 December 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 14, Words: 8301
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                gut microbiota,oral vaccine,streptococcus agalactiae,tilapia,microbiology
                Microbiology & Virology
                gut microbiota, oral vaccine, streptococcus agalactiae, tilapia, microbiology

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