For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
30
views
22
references
 Top references
cited by
78
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      196
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      Structure–Function Relationship of Cytokine Induction by Lipoteichoic Acid from Staphylococcus aureus

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Lipoteichoic acids (LTAs) have been proposed as putative Gram-positive immunostimulatory counterparts to Gram-negative lipopolysaccharides. However, LTA from Staphylococcus aureus, the clinically most frequent Gram-positive pathogen, was inactive after purification. Here, a novel isolation procedure to prepare pure (>99%) biologically active LTA, allowing the first structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectrometry, is described. A comparison with LTA purified by standard techniques revealed that alanine substituents are lost during standard purification, resulting in attenuated cytokine induction activity. In line with this finding, hydrolysis of alanine substituents of active LTA decimated cytokine induction. LTA represents a major immunostimulatory component of S. aureus.

          Related collections

          Most cited references22

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Has the mortality of septic shock changed with time.

          Gabriela Fulan e Silva, Lauren G Friedman, Peter J. Vincent (1998)
          To determine whether a systematic review of the literature could identify changes in the mortality of septic shock over time. A review of all relevant papers from 1958 to August 1997, identified through a MEDLINE search and from the bibliographies of articles identified. The search identified 131 studies (99 prospective and 32 retrospective) involving a total of 10,694 patients. The patients' mean age was 57 yrs with no change over time. The overall mortality rate in the 131 studies was 49.7%. There was an overall significant trend of decreased mortality over the period studied (r=.49, p < .05). The mortality rate in those patients with bacteremia as an entry criterion was greater than that rate in patients whose entry criterion was sepsis without definite bacteremia (52.1% vs. 49.1%; chi2=6.1 and p< .05). The site of infection altered noticeably over the years. Chest-related infections increased over time, with Gram-negative infections becoming proportionately less common. If all other organisms and mixed infections are included with the Gram-positives, the result is more dramatic, with these organisms being causative in just 10% of infections between 1958 and 1979 but in 31% of infections between 1980 and 1997. The present review showed a slight reduction in mortality from septic shock over the years, although this result should be approached with caution. The heterogeneity of the articles and absence of a severity score for most of the studies limited our analysis. Furthermore, there was an increasing prevalence of Gram-positive causative organisms, and a change of the predominant origin of sepsis from the abdomen to the chest.
          Article 0 comments Cited 98 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The cell wall components peptidoglycan and lipoteichoic acid from Staphylococcus aureus act in synergy to cause shock and multiple organ failure.

            S J De Kimpe, M. Ken Kengatharan, C Thiemermann … (1995)
            Although the incidence of Gram-positive sepsis has risen strongly, it is unclear how Gram-positive organisms (without endotoxin) initiate septic shock. We investigated whether two cell wall components from Staphylococcus aureus, peptidoglycan (PepG) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), can induce the inflammatory response and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) associated with septic shock caused by Gram-positive organisms. In cultured macrophages, LTA (10 micrograms/ml), but not PepG (100 micrograms/ml), induces the release of nitric oxide measured as nitrite. PepG, however, caused a 4-fold increase in the production of nitrite elicited by LTA. Furthermore, PepG antibodies inhibited the release of nitrite elicited by killed S. aureus. Administration of both PepG (10 mg/kg; i.v.) and LTA (3 mg/kg; i.v.) in anesthetized rats resulted in the release of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interferon gamma and MODS, as indicated by a decrease in arterial oxygen pressure (lung) and an increase in plasma concentrations of bilirubin and alanine aminotransferase (liver), creatinine and urea (kidney), lipase (pancreas), and creatine kinase (heart or skeletal muscle). There was also the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase in these organs, circulatory failure, and 50% mortality. These effects were not observed after administration of PepG or LTA alone. Even a high dose of LTA (10 mg/kg) causes only circulatory failure but no MODS. Thus, our results demonstrate that the two bacterial wall components, PepG and LTA, work together to cause systemic inflammation and multiple systems failure associated with Gram-positive organisms.
            Article 0 comments Cited 40 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Gram-positive organisms and sepsis.

              Courtney Bone (1994)
              In recent years, the importance of gram-negative organisms in the genesis of sepsis has been emphasized. However, this emphasis may no longer be correct; recent studies show an increasing incidence of gram-positive sources of sepsis, and its is possible that these cases may predominate in the coming years. This increase results from more than just a greater prevalence of infection--it appears that gram-positive organisms may also be more virulent in fomenting the disease, as can be evidenced by the emergence of streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and the resurgence of acute rheumatic fever. This may result from the ability of gram-positive organisms to produce more inflammation-causing cell wall constituents, as well as unbound exotoxins. Despite the recent emphasis on gram-negative causes, sepsis resulting from gram-positive sources is increasingly common. Research on these causes of sepsis should be encouraged.
              Article 0 comments Cited 33 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                :
                University of Konstanz, Biochemical Pharmacology, 78457 Konstanz, Germany.49-7531-88411749-7531-884116
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Exp Med
                Title: The Journal of Experimental Medicine
                Publisher: The Rockefeller University Press
                ISSN (Print): 0022-1007
                ISSN (Electronic): 1540-9538
                Publication date (Print): 5 February 2001
                Volume: 193
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 393-398
                Affiliations
                [a ]Department of Biochemical Pharmacology, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
                [b ]Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, D-78457 Konstanz, Germany
                Article
                Publisher ID: 001995
                DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.3.393
                PMC ID: 2195914
                PubMed ID: 11157059
                SO-VID: ad3cc210-ee97-4330-b9cf-7414279bf0d6
                Copyright © © 2001 The Rockefeller University Press
                History
                Date received : 1 December 2000
                Date revision requested : 20 December 2000
                Date accepted : 3 January 2001
                Categories
                Subject: Brief Definitive Report

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: magnetic resonance spectroscopy,immunity, natural,gram-positive bacteria,tumor necrosis factor,isolation and purification
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: magnetic resonance spectroscopy, immunity, natural, gram-positive bacteria, tumor necrosis factor, isolation and purification

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content196

                See all similar

                Cited by72

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors286

                See all reference authors