18
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Critical neuropsychobiological analysis of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents confronted with snakes in polygonal arenas and complex labyrinths: a comparison to the elevated plus- and T-maze behavioral tests

      review-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective:

          To compare prey and snake paradigms performed in complex environments to the elevated plus-maze (EPM) and T-maze (ETM) tests for the study of panic attack- and anticipatory anxiety-like behaviors in rodents.

          Methods:

          PubMed was reviewed in search of articles focusing on the plus maze test, EPM, and ETM, as well as on defensive behaviors displayed by threatened rodents. In addition, the authors’ research with polygonal arenas and complex labyrinth (designed by the first author for confrontation between snakes and small rodents) was examined.

          Results:

          The EPM and ETM tests evoke anxiety/fear-related defensive responses that are pharmacologically validated, whereas the confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas with or without shelters or in the complex labyrinth offers ethological conditions for studying more complex defensive behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs. Prey vs. predator paradigms also allow discrimination between non-oriented and oriented escape behavior.

          Conclusions:

          Both EPM and ETM simple labyrinths are excellent apparatuses for the study of anxiety- and instinctive fear-related responses, respectively. The confrontation between rodents and snakes in polygonal arenas, however, offers a more ethological environment for addressing both unconditioned and conditioned fear-induced behaviors and the effects of anxiolytic and panicolytic drugs.

          Related collections

          Most cited references172

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The use of a plus-maze to measure anxiety in the mouse.

          R Lister (1987)
          To investigate whether an elevated plus-maze consisting of two open and two closed arms could be used as a model of anxiety in the mouse, NIH Swiss mice were tested in the apparatus immediately after a holeboard test. Factor analysis of data from undrugged animals tested in the holeboard and plus-maze yielded three orthogonal factors interpreted as assessing anxiety, directed exploration and locomotion. Anxiolytic drugs (chlordiazepoxide, sodium pentobarbital and ethanol) increased the proportion of time spent on the open arms, and anxiogenic drugs (FG 7142, caffeine and picrotoxin) reduced this measure. Amphetamine and imipramine failed to alter the indices of anxiety. The anxiolytic effect of chlordiazepoxide was reduced in mice that had previously experienced the plus-maze in an undrugged state. Testing animals in the holeboard immediately before the plus-maze test significantly elevated both the percentage of time spent on the open arms and the total number of arm entries, but did not affect the behavioral response to chlordiazepoxide. The plus-maze appears to be a useful test with which to investigate both anxiolytic and anxiogenic agents.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: not found
            • Article: not found

            5-HT and mechanisms of defence.

              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Ethopharmacological analysis of rat behavior on the elevated plus-maze.

              Behavioral categories were measured in rats left on an elevated plus-maze for 5 min, in addition to the traditional measures. Four independent factors emerged from a factor analysis. The variables that loaded highly and positively on Factor 1, seemingly related with anxiety, were: number of entries onto open arms, time spent on open arms, percentage of open/total arm entries, percentage of time on open arms, scanning over the edge of an open arm, and open arm end-exploring. The time spent on enclosed arms loaded highly, but negatively on the same factor. Risk-assessment from an enclosed arm also loaded negatively on Factor 1. Number of enclosed arm entries, total number of arm entries and rearing loaded highly on Factor 2, probably related to motor activity. However, the total number of entries also loaded on Factor 1, being thus a mixed index. Similarly, the number of open arm entries loaded on both Factors 1 and 2. As expected, the variables having high loads on Factor 1 were changed to one direction by administration of two anxiolytics (nitrazepam and midazolam) and to the opposite direction by two anxiogenic drugs (pentylenetetrazol and FG 7142). Such pattern of drug effects was not observed with the remaining variables.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Braz J Psychiatry
                Braz J Psychiatry
                bjp
                Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry
                Associação Brasileira de Psiquiatria
                1516-4446
                1809-452X
                06 February 2017
                2017
                : 39
                : 1
                : 72-83
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratório de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
                [2 ]Instituto de Neurociências e Comportamento (INeC), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
                [3 ]Núcleo de Pesquisa em Neurobiologia das Emoções (NAP-USP-NuPNE), FMRP, USP, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
                [4 ]Departamento de Biofísica e Farmacologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), Natal, RN, Brazil
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Prof. Dr. Norberto Cysne Coimbra, Laboratório de Neuroanatomia e Neuropsicobiologia, Departamento de Farmacologia, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (FMRP), Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, CEP 14049-900, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. E-mail: nccoimbr@ 123456fmrp.usp.br
                Article
                10.1590/1516-4446-2015-1895
                7112733
                28177062
                ad3d1261-2648-4b12-befc-cf7de0a5a58b

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 1 January 2016
                : 4 April 2016
                Categories
                Review Article

                innate fear,panic attacks,prey versus snakes paradigms,polygonal arenas for snakes,elevated plus-maze test,elevated t-maze test

                Comments

                Comment on this article