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      Regulation of Skeletal Muscle Glucose Transport and Glucose Metabolism by Exercise Training

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          Abstract

          Aerobic exercise training and resistance exercise training are both well-known for their ability to improve human health; especially in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, there are critical differences between these two main forms of exercise training and the adaptations that they induce in the body that may account for their beneficial effects. This article reviews the literature and highlights key gaps in our current understanding of the effects of aerobic and resistance exercise training on the regulation of systemic glucose homeostasis, skeletal muscle glucose transport and skeletal muscle glucose metabolism.

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          The SLC2 (GLUT) family of membrane transporters.

          Mike Mueckler, Bernard Thorens (2013)
          GLUT proteins are encoded by the SLC2 genes and are members of the major facilitator superfamily of membrane transporters. Fourteen GLUT proteins are expressed in the human and they are categorized into three classes based on sequence similarity. All GLUTs appear to transport hexoses or polyols when expressed ectopically, but the primary physiological substrates for several of the GLUTs remain uncertain. GLUTs 1-5 are the most thoroughly studied and all have well established roles as glucose and/or fructose transporters in various tissues and cell types. The GLUT proteins are comprised of ∼500 amino acid residues, possess a single N-linked oligosaccharide, and have 12 membrane-spanning domains. In this review we briefly describe the major characteristics of the 14 GLUT family members. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Effects of aerobic and resistance training on hemoglobin A1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomized controlled trial.

            Timothy Church, Steven N. Blair, Shannon Cocreham … (2010)
            Exercise guidelines for individuals with diabetes include both aerobic and resistance training although few studies have directly examined this exercise combination. To examine the benefits of aerobic training alone, resistance training alone, and a combination of both on hemoglobin A(1c) (HbA(1c)) in individuals with type 2 diabetes. A randomized controlled trial in which 262 sedentary men and women in Louisiana with type 2 diabetes and HbA(1c) levels of 6.5% or higher were enrolled in the 9-month exercise program between April 2007 and August 2009. Forty-one participants were assigned to the nonexercise control group, 73 to resistance training 3 days a week, 72 to aerobic exercise in which they expended 12 kcal/kg per week; and 76 to combined aerobic and resistance training in which they expended 10 kcal/kg per week and engaged in resistance training twice a week. Main Outcome Change in HbA(1c) level. Secondary outcomes included measures of anthropometry and fitness. The study included 63.0% women and 47.3% nonwhite participants who were a mean (SD) age of 55.8 years (8.7 years) with a baseline HbA(1c) level of 7.7% (1.0%). Compared with the control group, the absolute mean change in HbA(1c) in the combination training exercise group was -0.34% (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.64% to -0.03%; P = .03). The mean changes in HbA(1c) were not statistically significant in either the resistance training (-0.16%; 95% CI, -0.46% to 0.15%; P = .32) or the aerobic (-0.24%; 95% CI, -0.55% to 0.07%; P = .14) groups compared with the control group. Only the combination exercise group improved maximum oxygen consumption (mean, 1.0 mL/kg per min; 95% CI, 0.5-1.5, P < .05) compared with the control group. All exercise groups reduced waist circumference from -1.9 to -2.8 cm compared with the control group. The resistance training group lost a mean of -1.4 kg fat mass (95% CI, -2.0 to -0.7 kg; P < .05) and combination training group lost a mean of -1.7 (-2.3 to -1.1 kg; P < .05) compared with the control group. Among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, a combination of aerobic and resistance training compared with the nonexercise control group improved HbA(1c) levels. This was not achieved by aerobic or resistance training alone. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00458133.
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              Regulation of glucose metabolism from a liver-centric perspective

              Hye Han, Geon Kang, Jun Kim … (2016)
              Glucose homeostasis is tightly regulated to meet the energy requirements of the vital organs and maintain an individual's health. The liver has a major role in the control of glucose homeostasis by controlling various pathways of glucose metabolism, including glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. Both the acute and chronic regulation of the enzymes involved in the pathways are required for the proper functioning of these complex interwoven systems. Allosteric control by various metabolic intermediates, as well as post-translational modifications of these metabolic enzymes constitute the acute control of these pathways, and the controlled expression of the genes encoding these enzymes is critical in mediating the longer-term regulation of these metabolic pathways. Notably, several key transcription factors are shown to be involved in the control of glucose metabolism including glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. In this review, we would like to illustrate the current understanding of glucose metabolism, with an emphasis on the transcription factors and their regulators that are involved in the chronic control of glucose homeostasis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Nutrients
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Nutrients
                Journal ID (publisher-id): nutrients
                Title: Nutrients
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2072-6643
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 October 2019
                Publication date Collection: October 2019
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 2432
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; evanspa17@ 123456students.ecu.edu (P.L.E.); mcmillins15@ 123456students.ecu.edu (S.L.M.); weyrauchl16@ 123456students.ecu.edu (L.A.W.)
                [2 ]Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
                [3 ]East Carolina Diabetes & Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
                [4 ]Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: witczakc@ 123456ecu.edu ; Tel.: +1-252-744-1224
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2229-8747
                Article
                Publisher ID: nutrients-11-02432
                DOI: 10.3390/nu11102432
                PMC ID: 6835691
                PubMed ID: 31614762
                SO-VID: ad3fd7e7-a6c7-4a16-9f52-e7c15172ff9e
                Copyright © © 2019 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 08 September 2019
                Date accepted : 08 October 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: aerobic exercise,blood glucose,functional overload,glut,hexokinase,insulin resistance,resistance exercise,sglt,type 2 diabetes,weightlifting
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Nutrition & Dietetics
                Keywords: aerobic exercise, blood glucose, functional overload, glut, hexokinase, insulin resistance, resistance exercise, sglt, type 2 diabetes, weightlifting

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