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      La seguridad en la cadena agroalimentaria de la carne: problemáticas, estrategias y posibles soluciones pre-faena.

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          Abstract

          En la Cumbre Mundial sobre la Alimentación, celebrada en Roma en 1996, se estableció que existe Seguridad Alimentaria cuando todas las personas, en todo momento, tienen acceso físico y económico a suficientes alimentos inocuos y nutritivos para satisfacer sus necesidades y preferencias alimentarias para desarrollar una vida activa y sana. Desde aquella fecha se ha trabajado intensamente para que esa definición se haga realidad. No obstante siguen siendo números los episodios en los que la seguridad de los alimentos falla y se afecta la salud y el bienestar de las personas, incluso hasta la propia vida. Surge entonces la pregunta: ¿cuáles son los factores que facilitan la aparición de las causas que producen los fallos en la seguridad alimentaria? Son numerosos y variados los factores que predisponen la aparición de los fallos en la seguridad alimentaria, no todos se presentan al mismo tiempo y, en general, están directamente asociados a las condiciones sociales que se imponen en cada región geográfica. Esta diversidad asociada a la cultura, el desarrollo económico y la accesibilidad a las diferentes formas del conocimiento, facilitan que los fallos se produzcan sin distinciones de poder adquisitivo, estrato social o región geográfica. Toda la población está potencialmente expuesta a ser víctima de un fallo en la seguridad de los alimentos que consume. El origen del problema radica en el complejo sistema de provisión de alimentos que impera en la actualidad, en el cual el consumidor es un actor pasivo del proceso de obtención, transformación, preparación y fiscalización de la calidad de los alimentos que ingiere. Toda la responsabilidad, de la calidad y la inocuidad del alimento, descansa en una cadena productiva y en los manipuladores que intervienen en cada uno de los eslabones. La educación y la capacitación específica de los manipuladores, así como el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención e intervención en cada uno de los eslabones de la cadena agroalimentaria constituyen las fuerzas de control más eficaces para lograr la seguridad de los alimentos. El estudio de las características especiales de cada cadena, en particular sus factores de riesgo potencial frente a los agentes nocivos específicos, resulta esencial para el desarrollo de estrategias de prevención y remediación sustentadas en el conocimiento científico. Estas estrategias se deben diseñar a partir de las condiciones de producción, cuidando la sustentabilidad de las fuentes productivas y compatibilizando la producción con el cuidado del ambiente natural. Resulta, además, determinante la participación y compromiso de todo el personal involucrado en los encadenamientos productivos lo cual se podrá lograr si, a través de la formación, los manipuladores comprenden la complejidad del sistema productor de alimentos y el enfoque de cadenas productivas. En esta revisión se plantea la problemática de la Seguridad Alimentaria, enfocándolo desde una visión sistémica y de procesos que deben ser diseñados y desarrollados con una misma meta: la inocuidad alimentaria. Los argumentos se sustentan mostrando los resultados obtenidos en trabajos de análisis de riesgos realizados en distintas cadenas productivas de alimentos y los resultados obtenidos en distintas estrategias de intervención en diferentes eslabones de las cadenas agroalimentarias.

          Translated abstract

          At the World Summit on Food Security held in Rome in 1996, it was established that food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food to satisfy their dietary needs and food preferences for developing active and healthy life. Since that time, hard work has been realized to make that this idea can be realized. However there are many episodes in which food safety failure and the health, wellbeing of people and even the life itself are affected. The question then arises: what are the factors that facilitate the emergence of failure causes in food safety? Factors that predispose to failures on food security are many and varied. These factors do not occur at the same time and, in general, are directly linked to the social conditions that prevail in each geographic region. This diversity related to culture, economic development and accessibility to different forms of knowledge, facilitate the failures occur without distinction of purchasing power, social status or geographic region. The entire population is potentially exposed to be a victim of a failure in the safety of food they consume. The origin of the problem lies in the complex food supply system that prevails today, in which the consumer is a passive actor in the process of obtaining, processing, preparation and monitoring of the quality of the food. All responsibility, quality and food safety rests in the productive chain and handlers involved in each of the links. Education and training of handlers and the development of prevention and intervention strategies in each of the links in the food chain are the most effective control forces to achieve food security. The study of the special characteristics of each chain, particularly its potential risk factors caused by specific agents, is essential for the development of prevention and remediation strategies grounded in scientific knowledge. These strategies must be designed based on the natural conditions of production, taking care sustainability of production sources and reconciling production to preserving the natural environment. Also the participation and commitment of all staff involved in the production linkages is crucial, which can be achieved if, through training, handlers understand the complexity of the food producer and the production chain approach. In this review the issue of food security is raised, approaching it from a systemic vision and of processes that must be designed and developed with one goal: food safety. The arguments are based on showing the results of risk analysis work performed in various productive food chains and the results of different intervention strategies in different links of the food chains.

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          During the past two decades probiotic (health promoting) micro-organisms have been increasingly included in various types of food products, especially in fermented milks. Several aspects, including safety, functional and technological characteristics, have to be taken into consideration in the selection process of probiotic micro-organisms. Safety aspects include specifications such as origin (healthy human GI-tract), non-pathogenicity and antibiotic resistance characteristics. Functional aspects include viability and persistence in the GI-tract, immunomodulation, antagonistic and antimutagenic properties. Before probiotic strains, chosen on the basis of their good safety and functional characteristics, can benefit the consumer, they must first be able to be manufactured under industrial conditions. Furthermore, they have to survive and retain their functionality during storage, and also in the foods into which they are incorporated without producing off-flavours. Factors related to the technological and sensory aspects of probiotic food production are of utmost importance since only by satisfying the demands of the consumer can the food industry succeed in promoting the consumption of functional probiotic products in the future.
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            Over the past decade, discussions of the evolution of the earliest human ancestors have focused on the locomotion of the australopithecines. Recent discoveries in a broad range of disciplines have raised important questions about the influence of ecological factors in early human evolution. Here we trace the cranial and dental traits of the early australopithecines through time, to show that between 4.4 million and 2.3 million years ago, the dietary capabilities of the earliest hominids changed dramatically, leaving them well suited for life in a variety of habitats and able to cope with significant changes in resource availability associated with long-term and short-term climatic fluctuations.
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              The microbial population of the intestinal tract is a complex natural resource that can be utilized in an effort to reduce the impact of pathogenic bacteria that affect animal production and efficiency, as well as the safety of food products. Strategies have been devised to reduce the populations of food-borne pathogenic bacteria in animals at the on-farm stage. Many of these techniques rely on harnessing the natural competitive nature of bacteria to eliminate pathogens that negatively impact animal production or food safety. Thus feed products that are classified as probiotics, prebiotics and competitive exclusion cultures have been utilized as pathogen reduction strategies in food animals with varying degrees of success. The efficacy of these products is often due to specific microbial ecological factors that alter the competitive pressures experienced by the microbial population of the gut. A few products have been shown to be effective under field conditions and many have shown indications of effectiveness under experimental conditions and as a result probiotic products are widely used in all animal species and nearly all production systems. This review explores the ecology behind the efficacy of these products against pathogens found in food animals, including those that enter the food chain and impact human consumers.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
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                Journal
                fave
                Fave. Sección ciencias agrarias
                FAVE. Secc. Cienc. agrar.
                Universidad Nacional del Litoral. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias (Santa Fe, Santa Fe, Argentina )
                1666-7719
                December 2013
                : 12
                : 2
                : 35-54
                Article
                S1666-77192013000200004
                ad65f592-3000-4e3b-9566-70adef10a7ff

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

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                SciELO Argentina


                Patógenos transmitidos por los alimentos,Estrategias de intervención pre-faena,Food security,Food safety,Foodborne pathogens,Pre-slaughterhouse strategies,Inocuidad de alimentos,Seguridad alimentaria

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