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      The role of prison officers’ regulation of inmates affect on their exposure to violent behaviours and the development of PTSD symptoms Translated title: El rol de la regulación del afecto de los reclusos por los oficiales de prisiones sobre su exposición a conductas violentas y el desarrollo de síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático Translated title: 狱警对囚犯的监管在其暴露于暴力行为和 PTSD 症状发展的作用

      research-article
      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      Emotion regulation, PTSD, violent behaviour, interpersonal conflict, Regulación emocional, TEPT, conducta violenta, conflicto interpersonal, 情绪调节, PTSD, 暴力行为, 人际冲突

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Interactions with inmates are a major source of stress for prison officers. Given the conflicting nature of this relationship, violent behaviours towards prison officers are not uncommon, posing a threat to their psychological well-being.

          Objective

          This study analyses the role that the strategies prison officers use to regulate inmates’ emotions have on the frequency of inmates’ violent behaviour and on the presence of posttraumatic stress symptoms in prison officers. Based on interactional models of emotional regulation, a model is proposed in which interpersonal regulation has an indirect effect on PTSD symptoms mediated by the response of the inmate.

          Method

          A total of 424 prison officers employed at 5 Uruguayan prisons completed a questionnaire.

          Results

          The results confirm that emotional regulation strategies are related to inmates’ violent behaviour, which in turn affects prison officers’ PTSD symptoms. In particular, prison officers use of strategies to improve inmates’ affect reduces the level of inmate´s violent behaviours that mediate the negative relationship between affect-improving strategies and officers’ PTSD symptoms. The mediating role of inmates’ violent behaviour is also confirmed for the positive relationship between affect-worsening strategies and PTSD symptoms. Unexpected results for affect-worsening strategies suggest the presence of a conflict escalation cycle.

          Conclusion

          The impact of the interpersonal regulation of the affect of inmates on the quality of prison officer-inmate relationships and on the exposure of prison officers to potentially traumatic violent events must be taken into account in the analysis of PTSD symptom development. The practical implications for the reduction of the exposure to potentially traumatic violent events and the prevention of PTSD symptoms among prison officers are discussed.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • The development of interpersonal emotional regulation skills by prison officers can contribute to improvements in the quality of their relationships with inmates and enhance the well-being of all involved, reducing the risk of negative interactive cycles for both actors.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes: Las interacciones con los reclusos son una fuente importante de estrés para los oficiales de prisiones. Dada la naturaleza conflictiva de esta relación, las conductas violentas contra los oficiales de prisiones no son infrecuentes, constituyendo un riesgo a su bienestar psicológico.

          Objetivo: Este estudio analiza el rol que desempeñan las estrategias empleadas por los oficiales de prisiones para regular las emociones de los reclusos sobre la frecuencia de la conducta violenta de los reclusos y sobre la presencia de síntomas de trastorno de estrés postraumático (TEPT) en oficiales de prisiones. Basados en modelos de interacción de regulación emocional, se propone un modelo en el cual la regulación interpersonal tiene un efecto indirecto sobre los síntomas de TEPT mediados por las respuestas de los reclusos.

          Métodos: Un total de 424 oficiales de prisiones trabajadores de cinco prisiones uruguayas completaron un cuestionario.

          Resultados: Los resultados confirman que las estrategias de regulación emocional están relacionadas con la conducta violenta de los reclusos, lo cual, a su vez, afecta los síntomas de TEPT de los oficiales de prisiones. En particular, el uso de estrategias para mejorar el afecto de los reclusos por parte de los oficiales de las prisiones reduce el nivel de la conducta violenta de los reclusos que median la relación negativa entre las estrategias para mejorar el afecto y los síntomas de TEPT en los oficiales. El rol mediador del comportamiento violento de los reclusos también fue confirmado por la relación positiva entre las estrategias que empeoran los afectos y los síntomas de TEPT. Los resultados inesperados de estrategias que pueden empeorar el afecto sugieren la presencia de un ciclo de intensificación de conflictos.

          Conclusión: El impacto de la regulación interpersonal del afecto de los reclusos sobre la calidad de las relaciones entre ellos y los oficiales de prisiones, y sobre la exposición de los oficiales a eventos violentos potencialmente traumáticos deben ser considerados en el análisis del desarrollo de los síntomas de TEPT. Se discuten las implicaciones prácticas para la reducción de la exposición a eventos violentos potencialmente traumáticos y la prevención de los síntomas de TEPT en los oficiales de prisiones.

          Translated abstract

          背景:与囚犯的互动是狱警压力的主要来源。鉴于这种关系的矛盾性质, 针对狱警的暴力行为并不少见, 对其身心健康构成威胁。

          目的:本研究分析了狱警用来调节囚犯情绪的策略对囚犯的暴力行为频率和狱警中出现创伤后应激症状的作用。基于情绪调节的交互模型, 提出了一种人际调节通过囚犯反应中介间接影响PTSD 症状的模型。

          方法:共有 424 名受雇于乌拉圭 5 所监狱的狱警完成了一份问卷。

          结果:结果证实, 情绪调节策略与囚犯的暴力行为有关, 进而影响狱警的 PTSD 症状。特别是, 狱警用改善囚犯情绪的策略会降低中介了情绪改善策略与狱警 PTSD 症状之间负相关的囚犯暴力行为水平。情绪恶化策略与 PTSD 症状之间的正相关也证实了囚犯暴力行为的中介作用。情绪恶化策略的意外结果表明存在冲突升级循环。

          结论:在分析 PTSD 症状发展时, 必须考虑囚犯情绪的人际关系调节对狱警与囚犯关系质量以及狱警暴露于潜在创伤性暴力事件的影响。讨论了在狱警中减少暴露于潜在创伤性暴力事件和预防 PTSD 症状的实际意义。

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8198
                2000-8066
                20 October 2021
                2021
                20 October 2021
                : 12
                : 1
                : 1956126
                Affiliations
                [0001]Department of Psychology, Rey Juan Carlos University; , Móstoles, Spain
                Author notes
                CONTACT David Martinez-Iñigo david.martinez@ 123456urjc.es Department of Psychology, University Rey Juan Carlos; , Avenida De Atenas S/n Alcorcón, Móstoles 28922, Spain
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2819-7883
                Article
                1956126
                10.1080/20008198.2021.1956126
                8530476
                ad763e57-421f-4225-92ac-6c881a78183f
                © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 1, References: 86, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Research Article
                Basic Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                emotion regulation,ptsd,violent behaviour,interpersonal conflict,regulación emocional,tept,conducta violenta,conflicto interpersonal,情绪调节,暴力行为,人际冲突

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