Real-Time Glucose Sensors in Children and Adolescents with Type-1 Diabetes

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Abstract

The increased availability of continuous glucose sensors is likely to have a significant impact on pediatric diabetes therapy and education in the future. While a recent meta-analysis of retrospective first-generation Holter-type sensors was not able to show advantages compared to self-monitoring of blood glucose levels, this review focuses on current real-time sensors. Our own experience with 23 children aged 10 (3–15) years with sensor-augmented pump therapy showed high ratings for overall satisfaction and ease of use of the system (5.8 on a 7 point Likert scale). The results of our ongoing international pediatric ONSET trial will show the impact of this technology on learning to live with diabetes by having the biofeedback of glucose excursions from the onset of diabetes. Families previously relying on self-monitoring of blood glucose need to understand the difference between estimating the absolute blood glucose value (point accuracy) and the change in blood glucose (rate accuracy), and how to take into consideration the inherent interstitial time lag. Selection of patients capable and motivated to use continuous sensors accompanied with proper age-appropriate education remain key factors for the long-term success of these new technological advances in diabetes therapy as long as closed loop systems are not available.

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Most cited references 52

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Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring.

Dorothee Deiss, Jan Bolinder, Jean-Pierre Riveline … (2006)

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Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT).

N White, P Cleary, W Dahms … (2001)

The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT) demonstrated that intensive therapy of type 1 diabetes mellitus reduces the risk of development and progression of microvascular complications. The Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications (EDIC) study assessed whether these benefits persisted after the end of DCCT. Results for the adolescent DCCT cohort are reported here. Of the DCCT adolescent cohort (n = 195), 175 participated in EDIC, 151 had fundus photography, and 156 had albumin excretion rate measured at year 3 or 4. The odds of progression of retinopathy and albuminuria from closeout of the DCCT until EDIC year 4 were assessed. In contrast to the 7.4 years of the DCCT, during which mean hemoglobin A(1c) levels were significantly lower with intensive therapy than conventional therapy (8.06% vs 9.76%; P <.0001), the subsequent first 4 years of EDIC had mean hemoglobin A(1c) levels that were similar between the former intensive and the former conventional groups (8.38% vs 8.45%). However, the prevalence of worsening of 3 steps or more in retinopathy and of progression to proliferative or severe nonproliferative retinopathy were reduced by 74% (P <.001) and 78% (P <.007), respectively, in the former intensive therapy group compared with the former conventional group. These findings provide further support for the DCCT recommendation that most adolescents with type 1 diabetes receive intensive therapy aimed at achieving glycemic control as close to normal as possible to reduce the risk of microvascular complications.

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Assessment of the severity of hypoglycemia and glycemic lability in type 1 diabetic subjects undergoing islet transplantation.

Linda Green, David L. Bigam, Andrew M James Shapiro … (2004)

Currently, the major indications for solitary islet transplantation are recurrent severe hypoglycemia and labile glucose control. Quantifying these problems remains subjective. We have developed a scoring system for both hypoglycemia and glycemic lability, established normative data, and used them in patients who have undergone islet transplantation. A composite hypoglycemic score (HYPO score) was devised based on the frequency, severity, and degree of unawareness of the hypoglycemia. In addition, using 4 weeks of glucose records, a lability index (LI) was calculated based on the change in glucose levels over time and compared with a clinical assessment of glycemic lability. A mean amplitude of glycemic excursions (MAGE) was also calculated based on 2 consecutive days of seven readings each day. These scores were determined in 100 randomly selected subjects with type 1 diabetes from our general clinic to serve as a control group and in patients before and after islet transplantation. The mean age of the control diabetic subjects was 38.4 +/- 1.3 years (+/-SE), with a duration of diabetes of 21.5 +/- 1.1 years. The median HYPO score in the control subjects was 143 (25th to 75th interquartile range: 46-423). The LI in the diabetic control subjects was 223 (25th to 75th interquartile range: 130-329 mmol/l(2)/h.week(-1)). The LI correlated much more closely than the MAGE with the clinical assessment of lability. A HYPO score of > or = 1,047 (90th percentile) or an LI > or = 433 mmol/l(2)/h.week(-1) (90th percentile) indicated serious problems with hypoglycemia or glycemic lability, respectively. The islet transplant patients (n = 51) were 42.1 +/- 1.4 years old, with a duration of diabetes of 25.7 +/- 1.4 years. Islet transplant patients had a mean HYPO score of 1,234 +/- 184 pretransplant, which was significantly higher than that of the control subjects (P < 0.001), which became negligible posttransplantation with the elimination of hypoglycemia. The median LI pretransplant was 497 mmol/l(2)/h.week(-1) (25th to 75th interquartile range: 330-692), significantly higher than that of control subjects (P < 0.001), and fell to 40 (25th to 75th interquartile range: 14-83) within a month after the final transplant. In those who had lost graft function, the LI rose again. The HYPO score and LI provide measures of the extent of problems with hypoglycemia and glycemic lability, respectively, complement the clinical assessment of the problems with glucose control before islet transplantation, and will allow comparison of selection of subjects for transplants between centers.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): HRE

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Horm Res Paediatr

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.1663-2818

Title: Hormone Research in Paediatrics

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 1663-2818

ISSN (Electronic): 1663-2826

Publication date Subscription-year: 2008

Publication date (Print): October 2008

Publication date (Electronic): 05 September 2008

Volume: 70

Issue: 4

Pages: 193-202

Affiliations

^aKinderkrankenhaus auf der Bult, and ^bDepartment of Medical Psychology, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover, Hannover, Germany

Article

Publisher ID: 151592 Other ID: Horm Res 2008;70:193–202

DOI: 10.1159/000151592

PubMed ID: 18772591

SO-VID: ad7dc357-69bd-4c80-8cdc-97c779169d1e

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Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 27 February 2008

Date accepted : 26 May 2008

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Figures: 5, References: 64, Pages: 10

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Real-Time Glucose Sensors in Children and Adolescents with Type-1 Diabetes

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Most cited references 52

Improved glycemic control in poorly controlled patients with type 1 diabetes using real-time continuous glucose monitoring.

Beneficial effects of intensive therapy of diabetes during adolescence: outcomes after the conclusion of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT).

Assessment of the severity of hypoglycemia and glycemic lability in type 1 diabetic subjects undergoing islet transplantation.

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