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      Serum vitamin D levels and mortality in Mexicans: results from the Mexican Health and Aging Study Translated title: Niveles séricos de vitamina D y mortalidad en mexicanos: resultados del Estudio Nacional de Envejecimiento en México

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          Abstract

          Abstract Background: the population in Latin America is aging and elders face several obstacles for good health, including an elevated frequency of vitamin D deficiency. Thus, identification of patients at high risk to develop its negative consequences should be a priority. Objective: the objective of this analysis was to determine if levels of vitamin D lower than 15 ng/ml are associated with high mortality in Mexican elderly population, from the database of the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS). Methods: prospective, population study in Mexico, that included Subjects of 50 years and older who were evaluated for Serum vitamin D levels during the year 2012 (third wave of the study). Serum 25(OH)D levels were categorized into four groups, based on cutoff points used in previous studies on vitamin D and frailty: < 15, 15-< 20, 20-< 30 and ≥ 30 ng/ml. Mortality was evaluated during 2015 (fourth wave of the study). Hazard ratio was calculated (for mortality) through Cox Regression Model, adjusted for covariates. Results: we included 1626 participants, and those with lower levels of vitamin D were older, more often women, required more aid for activities of daily living, reported higher number of chronic diseases, and lower scores on cognition. The relative risk of death was 5.421 (95 % CI 2.465-11.92, p < 0.001) for the participants with vitamin D levels < 15, which after adjusting for covariates, remained statistically significant. Conclusions: levels of vitamin D lower of 15, are associated with an increase in the rate of mortality in community-dwelling senior Mexicans.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Introducción: la población en América Latina está envejeciendo y los adultos mayores enfrentan varios obstáculos para gozar de buena salud, incluida una frecuencia elevada de deficiencia de vitamina D. Por lo tanto, la identificación de pacientes con alto riesgo de desarrollar sus consecuencias negativas debe ser una prioridad. Objetivo: el objetivo de este análisis fue determinar si los niveles de vitamina D inferiores a 15 ng/ml están asociados con una alta mortalidad en la población adulta mayor mexicana, a partir de la base de datos del Estudio de Salud y Envejecimiento en México. Métodos: estudio poblacional prospectivo en México, que incluyó Sujetos de 50 años y mayores que fueron evaluados para los niveles de vitamina D en suero durante el año 2012 (tercera ola del estudio). Los niveles séricos de 25(OH)D se clasificaron en cuatro grupos, según los puntos de corte utilizados en estudios previos sobre vitamina D y fragilidad: < 15, 15-< 20, 20-< 30 y ≥ 30 ng/ml. La mortalidad se evaluó durante 2015 (cuarta ola del estudio). Se calculó la razón de riesgo (para la mortalidad) a través del modelo de regresión de Cox, ajustado por covariables. Resultados: incluimos 1626 participantes, y aquellos con niveles más bajos de vitamina D eran mayores, más a menudo mujeres, requerían más ayuda para las actividades de la vida diaria, informaron un mayor número de enfermedades crónicas y puntuaciones más bajas en cognición. El riesgo relativo de muerte fue de 5,421 (IC 95 % 2,465-11,92, p < 0,001) para los participantes con niveles de vitamina D < 15, que después de ajustar por covariables, se mantuvo estadísticamente significativo. Conclusiones: niveles de vitamina D inferiores a 15, se asocian con un aumento en la tasa de mortalidad en adultos mayores mexicanos residentes en la comunidad.

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          Agreement between self-report questionnaires and medical record data was substantial for diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction and stroke but not for heart failure.

          Questionnaires are used to estimate disease burden. Agreement between questionnaire responses and a criterion standard is important for optimal disease prevalence estimates. We measured the agreement between self-reported disease and medical record diagnosis of disease. A total of 2,037 Olmsted County, Minnesota residents > or =45 years of age were randomly selected. Questionnaires asked if subjects had ever had heart failure, diabetes, hypertension, myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke. Medical records were abstracted. Self-report of disease showed >90% specificity for all these diseases, but sensitivity was low for heart failure (69%) and diabetes (66%). Agreement between self-report and medical record was substantial (kappa 0.71-0.80) for diabetes, hypertension, MI, and stroke but not for heart failure (kappa 0.46). Factors associated with high total agreement by multivariate analysis were age 12 years, and zero Charlson Index score (P < .05). Questionnaire data are of greatest value in life-threatening, acute-onset diseases (e.g., MI and stroke) and chronic disorders requiring ongoing management (e.g.,diabetes and hypertension). They are more accurate in young women and better-educated subjects.
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            The vitamin D deficiency pandemic: Approaches for diagnosis, treatment and prevention.

            Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency is a global health issue that afflicts more than one billion children and adults worldwide. The consequences of vitamin D deficiency cannot be under estimated. There has been an association of vitamin D deficiency with a myriad of acute and chronic illnesses including preeclampsia, childhood dental caries, periodontitis, autoimmune disorders, infectious diseases, cardiovascular disease, deadly cancers, type 2 diabetes and neurological disorders. This review is to put into perspective the controversy surrounding the definition for vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency as well as providing guidance for how to treat and prevent vitamin D deficiency.
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              Independent association of low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin d levels with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality.

              In cross-sectional studies, low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D are associated with higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors and disease. This study aimed to determine whether endogenous 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are related to all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. Prospective cohort study of 3258 consecutive male and female patients (mean [SD] age, 62 [10] years) scheduled for coronary angiography at a single tertiary center. We formed quartiles according to 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels within each month of blood drawings. The main outcome measures were all-cause and cardiovascular deaths. During a median follow-up period of 7.7 years, 737 patients (22.6%) died, including 463 deaths from cardiovascular causes. Multivariate-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for patients in the lower two 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartiles (median, 7.6 and 13.3 ng/mL [to convert 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels to nanomoles per liter, multiply by 2.496]) were higher for all-cause mortality (HR, 2.08; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.60-2.70; and HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.17-2.01; respectively) and for cardiovascular mortality (HR, 2.22; 95% CI, 1.57-3.13; and HR, 1.82; 95% CI, 1.29-2.58; respectively) compared with patients in the highest 25-hydroxyvitamin D quartile (median, 28.4 ng/mL). Similar results were obtained for patients in the lowest 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D quartile. These effects were independent of coronary artery disease, physical activity level, Charlson Comorbidity Index, variables of mineral metabolism, and New York Heart Association functional class. Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels were significantly correlated with variables of inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6 levels), oxidative burden (serum phospholipid and glutathione levels), and cell adhesion (vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 and intercellular adhesion molecule 1 levels). Low 25-hydroxyvitamin D and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D levels are independently associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. A causal relationship has yet to be proved by intervention trials using vitamin D.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                August 2023
                : 40
                : 4
                : 732-738
                Affiliations
                [2] Guadalajara orgnameUniversidad de Guadalajara orgdiv1Centro Universitario del Sur orgdiv2Geriatrics Department. Hospital Aranda de la Parra. León, Guanajuato. México Mexico
                [3] Guadalajara orgnameHospital Aranda de la Parra orgdiv1Hospital Aranda de la Parra Mexico
                [1] Monterrey orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital de Traumatología y Ortopedia No. 21 orgdiv2High Specialty Medical Unit. Centro Médico Nacional del Noreste Mexico
                Article
                S0212-16112023000500008 S0212-1611(23)04000400008
                10.20960/nh.04580
                37409711
                ad86a25e-096f-49e0-80f1-1b052a45b230

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 21 May 2023
                : 20 December 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Original Paper

                Mexico,México,Mortalidad,Vitamina D,Ancianos,Elderly,Mortality,Vitamin D

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