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      Life-History Traits of Macrolophus pygmaeus with Different Prey Foods

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          Abstract

          Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a generalist predatory mirid widely used in augmentative biological control of various insect pests in greenhouse tomato production in Europe, including the invasive tomato leafminer, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). However, its biocontrol efficacy often relies on the presence of alternative prey. The present study aimed at evaluating the effect of various prey foods ( Ephestia kuehniella eggs, Bemisia tabaci nymphs, Tuta absoluta eggs and Macrosiphum euphorbiae nymphs) on some life history traits of M. pygmaeus. Both nymphal development and adult fertility of M. pygmaeus were significantly affected by prey food type, but not survival. Duration of nymphal stage was higher when M. pygmaeus fed on T. absoluta eggs compared to the other prey. Mean fertility of M. pygmaeus females was greatest when fed with B. tabaci nymphs, and was greater when offered M. euphorbiae aphids and E. kuehniella eggs than when offered T. absoluta eggs. Given the low quality of T. absoluta eggs, the efficacy of M. pygmaeus to control T. absoluta may be limited in the absence of other food sources. Experiments for assessing effectiveness of generalist predators should involve the possible impact of prey preference as well as a possible prey switching.

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          Using organic-certified rather than synthetic pesticides may not be safer for biological control agents: selectivity and side effects of 14 pesticides on the predator Orius laevigatus.

          Antonio Biondi, Nicolas Desneux, Gaetano Siscaro … (2012)
          The generalist predator Orius laevigatus (Fieber) (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) is a key natural enemy of various arthropods in agricultural and natural ecosystems. Releases of this predator are frequently carried out, and it is included in the Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programs of several crops. The accurate assessment of the compatibility of various pesticides with predator activity is key for the success of this strategy. We assessed acute and sublethal toxicity of 14 pesticides on O. laevigatus adults under laboratory conditions. Pesticides commonly used in either conventional or organic farming were selected for the study, including six biopesticides, three synthetic insecticides, two sulfur compounds and three adjuvants. To assess the pesticides' residual persistence, the predator was exposed for 3d to pesticide residues on tomato sprouts that had been treated 1 h, 7 d or 14 d prior to the assay. The percentage of mortality and the sublethal effects on predator reproductive capacity were summarized in a reduction coefficient (E(x)) and the pesticides were classified according to the IOBC (International Organization for Biological Control) toxicity categories. The results showed that the pesticides greatly differed in their toxicity, both in terms of lethal and sub lethal effects, as well as in their persistence. In particular, abamectin was the most noxious and persistent, and was classified as harmful up to 14 d after the treatment, causing almost 100% mortality. Spinosad, emamectin, metaflumizone were moderately harmful until 7 d after the treatment, while the other pesticides were slightly harmful or harmless. The results, based on the combination of assessment of acute mortality, predator reproductive capacity pesticides residual and pesticides residual persistence, stress the need of using complementary bioassays (e.g. assessment of lethal and sublethal effects) to carefully select the pesticides to be used in IPM programs and appropriately time the pesticides application (as function of natural enemies present in crops) and potential releases of natural enemies like O. laevigatus. Copyright © 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Ecological specialization of the aphid Aphis gossypii Glover on cultivated host plants.

            J Carletto, E Lombaert, P Chavigny … (2009)
            Many plant-feeding insect species considered to be polyphagous are in fact composed of genetically differentiated sympatric populations that use different hosts and between which gene flow still exists. We studied the population genetic structure of the cotton-melon aphid Aphis gossypii that is considered as one of the most polyphagous aphid species. We used eight microsatellites to analyse the genetic diversity of numerous samples of A. gossypii collected over several years at a large geographical scale on annual crops from different plant families. The number of multilocus genotypes detected was extremely low and the genotypes were found to be associated with host plants. Five host races were unambiguously identified (Cucurbitaceae, cotton, eggplant, potato and chili- or sweet pepper). These host races were dominated by asexual clones. Plant transfer experiments using several specialized clones further confirmed the existence of host-associated trade-offs. Finally, both genetic and experimental data suggested that plants of the genus Hibiscus may be used as refuge for the specialized clones. Resource abundance is discussed as a key factor involved in the process of ecological specialization in A. gossypii.
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              Preference and Prey Switching in a Generalist Predator Attacking Local and Invasive Alien Pests

              Coline Jaworski, Anaïs Bompard, Laure Genies … (2013)
              Invasive pest species may strongly affect biotic interactions in agro-ecosystems. The ability of generalist predators to prey on new invasive pests may result in drastic changes in the population dynamics of local pest species owing to predator-mediated indirect interactions among prey. On a short time scale, the nature and strength of such indirect interactions depend largely on preferences between prey and on predator behavior patterns. Under laboratory conditions we evaluated the prey preference of the generalist predator Macrolophus pygmaeus Rambur (Heteroptera: Miridae) when it encounters simultaneously the local tomato pest Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) and the invasive alien pest Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae). We tested various ratios of local vs. alien prey numbers, measuring switching by the predator from one prey to the other, and assessing what conditions (e.g. prey species abundance and prey development stage) may favor such prey switching. The total predation activity of M. pygmaeus was affected by the presence of T. absoluta in the prey complex with an opposite effect when comparing adult and juvenile predators. The predator showed similar preference toward T. absoluta eggs and B. tabaci nymphs, but T. absoluta larvae were clearly less attacked. However, prey preference strongly depended on prey relative abundance with a disproportionately high predation on the most abundant prey and disproportionately low predation on the rarest prey. Together with the findings of a recent companion study (Bompard et al. 2013, Population Ecology), the insight obtained on M. pygmaeus prey switching may be useful for Integrated Pest Management in tomato crops, notably for optimal simultaneous management of B. tabaci and T. absoluta, which very frequently co-occur on tomato.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Patrizia Falabella: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 21 November 2016
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Volume: 11
                Issue: 11
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0166610
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Université Cheikh Anta Diop (UCAD), Equipe Production et Protection Intégrées en Agroécosystèmes Horticoles - 2PIA, Faculté des Sciences et Techniques, Dakar, Senegal
                [2 ]BIOPASS, ISRA-UCAD-IRD, Dakar, Senegal
                [3 ]CIRAD, UPR AIDA, F-34398 Montpellier, France
                [4 ]INRA (French National Institute for Agricultural Research), Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355–7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903, Sophia Antipolis, France
                Universita degli Studi della Basilicata, ITALY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceived and designed the experiments: SS ND.

                • Performed the experiments: SS TB PB ND.

                • Analyzed the data: SS.

                • Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: SS TB KD PB ND.

                • Wrote the paper: SS TB ND.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-16-24858
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0166610
                PMC ID: 5117678
                PubMed ID: 27870857
                SO-VID: ad9a8623-83db-44f3-9ddb-88426866431c
                Copyright © © 2016 Sylla et al
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 21 June 2016
                Date accepted : 13 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 0, Pages: 8
                Funding
                We express our sincere gratitude to IRD (AIRD) under Grant PEERS-BIOBIO-2013, CIRAD (Action incitative 2014), and IFS for financial support.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Developmental Biology
                Subject: Life Cycles
                Subject: Nymphs
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Agriculture
                Subject: Pest Control
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Community Ecology
                Subject: Trophic Interactions
                Subject: Predation
                Subject: Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Subject: Ecology
                Subject: Community Ecology
                Subject: Trophic Interactions
                Subject: Predation
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Invertebrates
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Insects
                Subject: Aphids
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Agriculture
                Subject: Crop Science
                Subject: Crops
                Subject: Fruits
                Subject: Tomatoes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Plants
                Subject: Fruits
                Subject: Tomatoes
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Invertebrates
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Insects
                Subject: Hemiptera
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Plants
                Subject: Biology and Life Sciences
                Subject: Organisms
                Subject: Animals
                Subject: Invertebrates
                Subject: Arthropoda
                Subject: Insects
                Subject: Moths and Butterflies
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability ata are from the Tuta absoluta study whose authors may be contacted at syllaserigne2@ 123456gmail.com

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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