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      First report of field evolved resistance to agrochemicals in dengue mosquito, Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae), from Pakistan

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          Abstract

          Background

          Agrochemicals have been widely used in Pakistan for several years. This exposes mosquito populations, particularly those present around agricultural settings, to an intense selection pressure for insecticide resistance. The aim of the present study was to investigate the toxicity of representative agrochemicals against various populations of Aedes albopictus (Skuse) collected from three different regions from 2008-2010.

          Results

          For organophosphates and pyrethroids, the resistance ratios compared with susceptible Lab-PK were in the range of 157-266 fold for chlorpyrifos, 24-52 fold for profenofos, 41-71 fold for triazofos, and 15-26 fold for cypermethrin, 15-53 fold for deltamethrin and 21-58 fold for lambdacyhalothrin. The resistance ratios for carbamates and new insecticides were in the range of 13-22 fold for methomyl, 24-30 fold for thiodicarb, and 41-101 fold for indoxacarb, 14-27 fold for emamectin benzoate and 23-50 fold for spinosad. Pair wise comparisons of the log LC 50s of insecticides revealed correlation among several insecticides, suggesting a possible cross resistance mechanism. Moreover, resistance remained stable across 3 years, suggesting field selection for general fitness had also taken place for various populations of Ae. albopictus.

          Conclusion

          Moderate to high level of resistance to agrochemicals in Pakistani field populations of Ae. albopictus is reported here first time. The geographic extent of resistance is unknown but, if widespread, may lead to problems in future vector control.

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          The molecular basis of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes.

          Janet Hemingway, Nicola J Hawkes, Lynn McCarroll … (2004)
          Insecticide resistance is an inherited characteristic involving changes in one or more insect gene. The molecular basis of these changes are only now being fully determined, aided by the availability of the Drosophila melanogaster and Anopheles gambiae genome sequences. This paper reviews what is currently known about insecticide resistance conferred by metabolic or target site changes in mosquitoes.
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            Identification of a point mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel gene of Kenyan Anopheles gambiae associated with resistance to DDT and pyrethroids.

            H Ranson, B. Jensen, J. Vulule … (2000)
            A field trial of permethrin-impregnated bednets and curtains was initiated in Western Kenya in 1990, and a strain of Anopheles gambiae showing reduced susceptibility to permethrin was colonized from this site in 1992. A leucine-phenylalanine substitution at position 1014 of the voltage-gated sodium channel is associated with resistance to permethrin and DDT in many insect species, including Anopheles gambiae from West Africa. We cloned and sequenced a partial sodium channel cDNA from the Kenyan permethrin-resistant strain and we identified an alternative substitution (leucine to serine) at the same position, which is linked to the inheritance of permethrin resistance in the F(2) progeny of genetic crosses between susceptible and resistant individuals. The diagnostic polymerase chain reaction (PCR) developed by Martinez-Torres et al. [(1998) Insect Mol Biol 7: 179-184] to detect kdr alleles in field populations of An. gambiae will not detect the Kenyan allele and hence reliance on this assay may lead to an underestimate of the prevalence of pyrethroid resistance in this species. We adapted the diagnostic PCR to detect the leucine-serine mutation and with this diagnostic we were able to demonstrate that this kdr allele was present in individuals collected from the Kenyan trial site in 1986, prior to the introduction of pyrethroid-impregnated bednets. The An. gambiae sodium channel was physically mapped to chromosome 2L, division 20C. This position corresponds to the location of a major quantitative trait locus determining resistance to permethrin in the Kenyan strain of An. gambiae.
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              The role of agricultural use of insecticides in resistance to pyrethroids in Anopheles gambiae s.l. in Burkina Faso.

              Abdoulaye Diabate, Thierry Baldet, Fabrice Chandre … (2002)
              Agricultural use of insecticides is involved in the selection of resistance to these compounds in field populations of mosquitoes in Burkina Faso. Anopheles gambiae s.l. was resistant to permethrin and DDT in cotton-growing and urban areas, but susceptible in areas with limited insecticide selection pressure (rice fields and control areas). Nevertheless, resistance to these insecticides was observed in a village on the outskirts of the rice fields at the end of the rainy season, suggesting that the latter population of mosquitoes had migrated from the surrounding cotton villages into the rice fields. A seasonal variation of resistance observed in the cotton-growing area is related to the distribution of the molecular M and S forms of An. gambiae, since resistance to pyrethroids has so far only been reported in the S form. Pyrethroid resistance in west African An. gambiae was conferred by target site insensitivity through a knockdown resistance (kdr)-like mutation, which was present at high frequencies in mosquitoes in the cotton-growing and urban areas.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Parasit Vectors
                Title: Parasites & Vectors
                Publisher: BioMed Central
                ISSN (Electronic): 1756-3305
                Publication date Collection: 2011
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 July 2011
                Volume: 4
                Page: 146
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Entomology, University College of Agriculture, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
                [2 ]Department of Agri-Entomology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
                [3 ]Department of Biology, Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan
                [4 ]Department of Zoology, South Valley University, Aswan, Egypt
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1756-3305-4-146
                DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-4-146
                PMC ID: 3158554
                PubMed ID: 21781290
                SO-VID: ada4c531-ca90-4095-9d9a-0711cfb6646d
                Copyright © Copyright ©2011 Khan et al; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 13 June 2011
                Date accepted : 22 July 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Parasitology

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