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      Hydrogeological typologies of the Indo-Gangetic basin alluvial aquifer, South Asia Translated title: Typologies hydrogéologiques de l’aquifère alluvial du bassin de l’Indus et du Gange, Asie du Sud Translated title: Tipologías hidrogeológicas del acuífero aluvial de la cuenca Indo-Gangética, Asia Meridional Translated title: 南亚印度-恒河流域冲积含水层水文地质类型学 Translated title: Tipologias hidrogeológicas do aquífero aluvial da bacia Indo-Gangética, Sul da Ásia

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          Abstract

          The Indo-Gangetic aquifer is one of the world’s most important transboundary water resources, and the most heavily exploited aquifer in the world. To better understand the aquifer system, typologies have been characterized for the aquifer, which integrate existing datasets across the Indo-Gangetic catchment basin at a transboundary scale for the first time, and provide an alternative conceptualization of this aquifer system. Traditionally considered and mapped as a single homogenous aquifer of comparable aquifer properties and groundwater resource at a transboundary scale, the typologies illuminate significant spatial differences in recharge, permeability, storage, and groundwater chemistry across the aquifer system at this transboundary scale. These changes are shown to be systematic, concurrent with large-scale changes in sedimentology of the Pleistocene and Holocene alluvial aquifer, climate, and recent irrigation practices. Seven typologies of the aquifer are presented, each having a distinct set of challenges and opportunities for groundwater development and a different resilience to abstraction and climate change. The seven typologies are: (1) the piedmont margin, (2) the Upper Indus and Upper-Mid Ganges, (3) the Lower Ganges and Mid Brahmaputra, (4) the fluvially influenced deltaic area of the Bengal Basin, (5) the Middle Indus and Upper Ganges, (6) the Lower Indus, and (7) the marine-influenced deltaic areas.

          Résumé

          L’aquifère de l’Indus et du Gange est une des ressources en eau transfrontalière la plus importante au monde et un des aquifères le plus exploité au monde. Pour mieux comprendre le système aquifère, des typologies ont été caractérisées pour cet aquifère ; elles intègrent pour la première fois un jeu de données disponibles sur l’ensemble du bassin de l’Indus et du Gange à une échelle transfrontalière, et apportent une conceptualisation alternative de ce système aquifère. Traditionnellement considéré et cartographié comme un simple aquifère homogène aux propriétés aquifères similaires et comme une ressource d’eau souterraine à l’échelle transfrontalière, les typologies mettent en évidence des différences significatives spatiales de la recharge, de la perméabilité, de la capacité de stockage et de la chimie des eaux souterraines sur l’ensemble du système aquifère à une échelle transfrontalière. Ces changements sont systématiques coïncidant aux changements à large échelle de la sédimentologie de l’aquifère alluvial du Pléistocène et de l’Holocène, du climat et des pratiques récentes d’irrigation. Sept typologies de l’aquifère sont présentées, chacune ayant un ensemble distinct de défis et d’opportunités pour le développement des eaux souterraines et une résilience différente à l’exploitation et au changement climatique. Les sept typologies sont: (1) la marge de piedmont, (2) Le haut Indus et le Ganges moyen supérieur, (3) le Ganges inférieur et le Brahmapoutre moyen, (4) la zone deltaïque du bassin du Bengale sous influence fluviale, (5) l’Indus moyen et le Ganges supérieur, (6) l’Indus inférieur, et (7) la zone deltaïque sous influence marine.

          Resumen

          El acuífero Indo-Gangético es uno de los recursos hídricos transfronterizos más importantes y el acuífero más explotado del mundo. Para comprender mejor el sistema acuífero, por primera vez se han caracterizado tipologías para el acuífero, integrando los conjuntos de datos existentes a través de la cuenca hidrográfica Indo-Ganges a una escala transfronteriza, y proporcionando una conceptualización alternativa de este sistema acuífero. Tradicionalmente consideradas y cartografiadas como un solo acuífero homogéneo de propiedades acuíferas y recursos de agua subterránea comparables a escala transfronteriza, las tipologías iluminan diferencias espaciales significativas en la recarga, permeabilidad, almacenamiento y química del agua subterránea a través del sistema acuífero a esta escala transfronteriza. Estos cambios son mostrados por ser sistemáticos, coincidentes con cambios en gran escala en la sedimentología del acuífero aluvial del Pleistoceno y del Holoceno, en el clima y en las prácticas recientes de riego. Se presentan siete tipologías del acuífero, cada una con un conjunto distinto de desafíos y oportunidades para el desarrollo del agua subterránea y una diferente resiliencia a la extracción y al cambio climático. Las siete tipologías son: (1) el margen del piedemonte, (2) el Indus superior y el Ganges superior-medio, (3) el Ganges inferior y el Brahmaputra medio, (4) el área deltaica fluvialmente influenciada de la cuenca de Bengala, (5) el Ganges superior, (6) el Indo Inferior, y (7) las áreas deltaicas con influencia marina.

          摘要

          印度-恒河含水层是世界上最重要的跨界水资源之一,也是世界上开采量最大的含水层。为了更好地了解含水层系统,结合现有的印度-恒河流域盆地数据,第一次在跨界尺度上对含水层的类型进行了特征描述,提供了这个含水层系统供选择的概念模型。传统上,被认为并被绘制为可比较含水层特性的单一均质含水层及跨界尺度上地下水资源,类型学阐明了这个跨界尺度上含水层系统补给、透水率、储存量和地下水化学上的重要空间差别。这些变化显示与更新世和全新世冲积含水层、气候和最近灌溉实践沉积学上的大尺度变化是系统性的、也是一致的。展示了含水层的七个类型,每个类型都具有一套独特的地下水开发的挑战和机会以及针对抽水和气候变化的不同恢复力。七个类型为:(1)山前边缘;(2)印度河上游及恒河中上游;(3)恒河下游及雅鲁藏布江中游;(4)孟加拉流域洪积影响的三角洲地区;(5)印度河中游及恒河上游;(6)印度河下游;(7)海相影响的三角洲地区。

          Resumo

          O aquífero do Indo-Gangético é um dos recursos hídricos transfronteiriços mais importantes do mundo, e o mais explorado. Para melhor entender o sistema aquífero, tipologias foram caracterizadas para o aquífero, que integram pela primeira vez bancos de dados existentes sobre a bacia de abastecimento Indo-Gangética em uma escala transfornteiriça, e fornecem uma conceptualização alternativa desse sistema aquífero. Tradicionalmente considerado e mapeado como um aquífero homogêneo de propriedades aquíferas comparáveis e recursos subterrâneos em escala transfronteiriça, as tipologias elucidam diferenças espaciais significantes na recarga, permeabilidade, armazenamento, e química das águas subterrâneas pelo aquífero nessa escala transfronteiriça. Essas mudanças aparentam ser sistemáticas, concorrentes com mudanças em larga escala na sedimentologia do aquífero aluvial do Pleistoceno e Holoceno, clima e práticas recentes de irrigação. Sete tipologias do aquífero são apresentadas, cada uma tendo conjuntos de desafios e oportunidades distintos para o desenvolvimento das águas subterrâneas e uma resiliência diferente nas mudanças de extração e clima. As sete tipologias são: (1) a margem piemonte, (2) O Alto Indo e o Alto-médio Ganges, (3) O Baixo Ganges e o Médio Brahmaputra, (4) a área deltaica influenciada fluvialmente da Bacia de Bengala, (5) o Médio Indo e o Alto Ganges, (6) o Baixo Indo, e (7) as áreas deltaicas com influencia marinha.

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          Most cited references71

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          Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India.

          Groundwater is a primary source of fresh water in many parts of the world. Some regions are becoming overly dependent on it, consuming groundwater faster than it is naturally replenished and causing water tables to decline unremittingly. Indirect evidence suggests that this is the case in northwest India, but there has been no regional assessment of the rate of groundwater depletion. Here we use terrestrial water storage-change observations from the NASA Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment satellites and simulated soil-water variations from a data-integrating hydrological modelling system to show that groundwater is being depleted at a mean rate of 4.0 +/- 1.0 cm yr(-1) equivalent height of water (17.7 +/- 4.5 km(3) yr(-1)) over the Indian states of Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana (including Delhi). During our study period of August 2002 to October 2008, groundwater depletion was equivalent to a net loss of 109 km(3) of water, which is double the capacity of India's largest surface-water reservoir. Annual rainfall was close to normal throughout the period and we demonstrate that the other terrestrial water storage components (soil moisture, surface waters, snow, glaciers and biomass) did not contribute significantly to the observed decline in total water levels. Although our observational record is brief, the available evidence suggests that unsustainable consumption of groundwater for irrigation and other anthropogenic uses is likely to be the cause. If measures are not taken soon to ensure sustainable groundwater usage, the consequences for the 114,000,000 residents of the region may include a reduction of agricultural output and shortages of potable water, leading to extensive socioeconomic stresses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                helnso@bgs.ac.uk
                Journal
                Hydrogeol J
                Hydrogeol J
                Hydrogeology Journal
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                1431-2174
                1435-0157
                23 February 2017
                23 February 2017
                2017
                : 25
                : 5
                : 1377-1406
                Affiliations
                [1 ]British Geological Survey, Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Riccarton, Edinburgh, EH14 4AS UK
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1498 6059, GRID grid.8198.8, Department of Geology, , University of Dhaka, ; Dhaka, 1000 Bangladesh
                [3 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Department of Earth Sciences, , University College London, ; Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0609 1003, GRID grid.467235.1, International Waterlogging and Salinity Research Institute (IWASRI), Water and Power Development Authority, ; Lahore, Pakistan
                [5 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0424 4061, GRID grid.423315.2, Overseas Development Institute, ; 203 Blackfriars Road, London, SE1 8NJ UK
                [6 ]Institute for Social and Environmental Transition‐Nepal, Manasi Marga, Kathmandu Municipality‐4, Chandol, Kathmandu, Nepal
                [7 ]Global Water Partnership, 25 Osberton Road, Summertown, Oxford, UK OX2 7NU UK
                [8 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0634 2773, GRID grid.419596.6, National Institute of Hydrology, ; Roorkee, 247667 Uttarakhand India
                [9 ]ISNI 0000 0001 1956 5915, GRID grid.474329.f, British Geological Survey, ; MacLean Building, Crowmarsh Gifford, Wallingford, Oxfordshire OX10 8BB UK
                [10 ]GRID grid.448500.d, Institute for Social and Environmental Transition‐International, ; 948 North Street 7, Boulder, Colorado 80304 USA
                [11 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0153 2859, GRID grid.429017.9, Department of Geology and Geophysics, , Indian Institute of Technology, ; Kharagpur, India
                [12 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Institute for Risk and Disaster Reduction, , University College London, ; Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
                [13 ]Filters for Families, 2844 Depew St., Wheat Ridge, Colorado 80214 USA
                [14 ]ISNI 0000000121901201, GRID grid.83440.3b, Department of Geography, , University College London, ; Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT UK
                [15 ]MetaMeta Research, Postelstraat 2, 5211 EA Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
                [16 ]Ground Water Hydrology, Bangladesh Water Development Board, 72 Green Road, Dhaka, Bangladesh
                Article
                1550
                10.1007/s10040-017-1550-z
                6979522
                32025191
                ada63324-852c-479b-abc9-e55980944ae5
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 9 August 2016
                : 28 January 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: UK Department for International Development
                Award ID: Grant 202125‐108
                Categories
                Report
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017

                indo-gangetic basin aquifer,aquifer properties,groundwater resource,groundwater quality,recharge

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