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      A Mental Health Survey of Different Ethnic and Occupational Groups in Xinjiang, China

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          Abstract

          Poor mental health has become a serious social and public health-care burden. This cross-sectional study used multistage stratified cluster random sampling to gather mental health information from 11,891 adults (18–60 years) employed in various occupations categorized according to the Chinese Standard Occupational Classification. Mental health was measured by the General Health Questionnaire, and participants exceeding the cut-off score were defined as having poor mental health. The overall prevalence of poor mental health was 23.8%. The prevalence of poor mental health was significantly higher in the Han ethnic group than Kazak ethnic group and in health-care workers, teachers, and civil servants compared to manual workers. Females (odds ratios (OR) = 1.139, 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.012–3.198) and knowledge workers (1.697, 1.097–2.962) were risk factors for poor mental health, while Kazak ethnicity (0.465, 0.466–0.937), other minority status (non-Han) (0.806, 0.205–0.987), and working ≥15 years in the same occupation (0.832, 0.532–0.932) were protective ( p < 0.05). We concluded that the general level of mental health in Xinjiang, China, is higher in the Kazak ethnic group than the Han ethnic group. The prevalence of poor mental health is higher among knowledge workers than in manual workers due to high incidences of poor mental health in civil servants, health-care workers, and teachers.

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          Psychosocial work environment and mental health—a meta-analytic review

          Stephen Alfred Stansfeld, Bridget Candy (2006)
          Article 0 comments Cited 320 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Psychosocial work environment and mental health--a meta-analytic review.

            Stephen Alfred Stansfeld, Bridget Candy (2006)
            To clarify the associations between psychosocial work stressors and mental ill health, a meta-analysis of psychosocial work stressors and common mental disorders was undertaken using longitudinal studies identified through a systematic literature review. The review used a standardized search strategy and strict inclusion and quality criteria in seven databases in 1994-2005. Papers were identified from 24,939 citations covering social determinants of health, 50 relevant papers were identified, 38 fulfilled inclusion criteria, and 11 were suitable for a meta-analysis. The Comprehensive Meta-analysis Programme was used for decision authority, decision latitude, psychological demands, and work social support, components of the job-strain and iso-strain models, and the combination of effort and reward that makes up the effort-reward imbalance model and job insecurity. Cochran's Q statistic assessed the heterogeneity of the results, and the I2 statistic determined any inconsistency between studies. Job strain, low decision latitude, low social support, high psychological demands, effort-reward imbalance, and high job insecurity predicted common mental disorders despite the heterogeneity for psychological demands and social support among men. The strongest effects were found for job strain and effort-reward imbalance. This meta-analysis provides robust consistent evidence that (combinations of) high demands and low decision latitude and (combinations of) high efforts and low rewards are prospective risk factors for common mental disorders and suggests that the psychosocial work environment is important for mental health. The associations are not merely explained by response bias. The impact of work stressors on common mental disorders differs for women and men.
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              Work stress precipitates depression and anxiety in young, working women and men.

              Maria Melchior, Avshalom Caspi, Stephen Milne … (2007)
              Rates of depression have been rising, as have rates of work stress. We tested the influence of work stress on diagnosed depression and anxiety in young working adults. Participants were enrolled in the Dunedin study, a 1972-1973 longitudinal birth cohort assessed most recently in 2004-2005, at age 32 (n=972, 96% of 1015 cohort members still alive). Work stress (psychological job demands, work decision latitude, low work social support, physical work demands) was ascertained by interview. Major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) were ascertained using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and diagnosed according to DSM-IV criteria. Participants exposed to high psychological job demands (excessive workload, extreme time pressures) had a twofold risk of MDD or GAD compared to those with low job demands. Relative risks (RRs) adjusting for all work characteristics were: 1.90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.22-2.98] in women, and 2.00 (95% CI 1.13-3.56) in men. Analyses ruled out the possibility that the association between work stress and disorder resulted from study members' socio-economic position, a personality tendency to report negatively, or a history of psychiatric disorder prior to labour-market entry. Prospective longitudinal analyses showed that high-demand jobs were associated with the onset of new depression and anxiety disorder in individuals without any pre-job history of diagnosis or treatment for either disorder. Work stress appears to precipitate diagnosable depression and anxiety in previously healthy young workers. Helping workers cope with work stress or reducing work stress levels could prevent the occurrence of clinically significant depression and anxiety.
              Article 0 comments Cited 164 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Carla Sabariego: Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Environ Res Public Health
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ijerph
                Title: International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Print): 1661-7827
                ISSN (Electronic): 1660-4601
                Publication date (Electronic): 05 January 2017
                Publication date (Print): January 2017
                Volume: 14
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 46
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Occupational Health and Environmental Health, College of Public Health, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China; 13639949635@ 123456163.com (A.F.); Li591552613@ 123456163.com (B.L.); jiangyu@ 123456stu.xjmu.edu.cn (Y.J.); zhjl8899@ 123456sina.com (J.Z.); m13199848552@ 123456163.com (G.Z.)
                [2 ]The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830011, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: PHDTG2015@ 123456163.com ; Tel.: +86-991-436-5004; Fax: +86-21-6408-5875
                [†]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Article
                Publisher ID: ijerph-14-00046
                DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14010046
                PMC ID: 5295297
                SO-VID: ada638df-9e9b-4d1b-a2d9-fae4597528d7
                Copyright © © 2017 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 02 September 2016
                Date accepted : 29 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: ethnicity,occupation,poor mental health
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Public health
                Keywords: ethnicity, occupation, poor mental health

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