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Exosomes as therapeutic drug carriers and delivery vehicles across biological membranes: current perspectives and future challenges
review-article
08 March 2016
ALIX, ALG-2 interacting protein X,
ATPase, adenosine triphosphatase,
BBB, blood–brain barrier,
CCK-8, cell counting kit-8,
CD, cluster of differentiation,
DIL, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate,
DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid,
EGF, epidermal growth factor,
EGFR, epidermal growth factor receptor,
EpCAM, epithelial cell adhesion molecule,
ESCRT, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport,
EV, extracellular vesicle,
HEK293, human embryonic kidney cell line 293,
HeLa, Henrietta Lacks cells,
HIV, human immunodeficiency virus,
HMGA2, high-mobility group AT-hook protein,
Hsp, heat shock proteins,
IL-6, interleukin-6,
ILVs, intraluminal vesicles,
kRAS, Kirsten rat sarcoma,
LPS, lipopolysaccharides,
MAPK-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1,
MHC, major histocompatibility complex,
miRNA, micro RNA,
MPS, mononuclear phagocyte system,
mRNA, messenger RNA,
MVB, multi-vesicular body biogenesis,
PBMC, peripheral blood mononuclear cells,
PD, Parkinson’s disease,
PEG, polyethylene glycol,
RNA, ribonucleic acid,
ROS, reactive oxygen species,
RPE1, retinal pigment epithelial cells 1,
siRNA, small interference RNA,
TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor α,
TSG101, tumor susceptibility gene 101,
VPS4, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4,
Exosomes,
Nanocarrier,
Extracellular vesicles,
Drug delivery systems
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Abstract
Exosomes are small intracellular membrane-based vesicles with different compositions that are involved in several biological and pathological processes. The exploitation of exosomes as drug delivery vehicles offers important advantages compared to other nanoparticulate drug delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles; exosomes are non-immunogenic in nature due to similar composition as body׳s own cells. In this article, the origin and structure of exosomes as well as their biological functions are outlined. We will then focus on specific applications of exosomes as drug delivery systems in pharmaceutical drug development. An overview of the advantages and challenges faced when using exosomes as a pharmaceutical drug delivery vehicles will also be discussed.
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Most cited references45
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Joanna Kowal, Mercedes Tkach, Clotilde Théry (2014)
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Eradication of established murine tumors using a novel cell-free vaccine: dendritic cell-derived exosomes.
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Author and article information
alix, alg-2 interacting protein x,atpase, adenosine triphosphatase,bbb, blood–brain barrier,cck-8, cell counting kit-8,cd, cluster of differentiation,dil, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate,dna, deoxyribonucleic acid,egf, epidermal growth factor,egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor,epcam, epithelial cell adhesion molecule,escrt, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport,ev, extracellular vesicle,hek293, human embryonic kidney cell line 293,hela, henrietta lacks cells,hiv, human immunodeficiency virus,hmga2, high-mobility group at-hook protein,hsp, heat shock proteins,il-6, interleukin-6,ilvs, intraluminal vesicles,kras, kirsten rat sarcoma,lps, lipopolysaccharides,mapk-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1,mhc, major histocompatibility complex,mirna, micro rna,mps, mononuclear phagocyte system,mrna, messenger rna,mvb, multi-vesicular body biogenesis,pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cells,pd, parkinson’s disease,peg, polyethylene glycol,rna, ribonucleic acid,ros, reactive oxygen species,rpe1, retinal pigment epithelial cells 1,sirna, small interference rna,tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor α,tsg101, tumor susceptibility gene 101,vps4, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4,exosomes,nanocarrier,extracellular vesicles,drug delivery systems
alix, alg-2 interacting protein x, atpase, adenosine triphosphatase, bbb, blood–brain barrier, cck-8, cell counting kit-8, cd, cluster of differentiation, dil, 1,1′-dioctadecyl-3,3,3′,3′-tetramethylindocarbocyanine perchlorate, dna, deoxyribonucleic acid, egf, epidermal growth factor, egfr, epidermal growth factor receptor, epcam, epithelial cell adhesion molecule, escrt, endosomal sorting complexes required for transport, ev, extracellular vesicle, hek293, human embryonic kidney cell line 293, hela, henrietta lacks cells, hiv, human immunodeficiency virus, hmga2, high-mobility group at-hook protein, hsp, heat shock proteins, il-6, interleukin-6, ilvs, intraluminal vesicles, kras, kirsten rat sarcoma, lps, lipopolysaccharides, mapk-1, mitogen-activated protein kinase 1, mhc, major histocompatibility complex, mirna, micro rna, mps, mononuclear phagocyte system, mrna, messenger rna, mvb, multi-vesicular body biogenesis, pbmc, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, pd, parkinson’s disease, peg, polyethylene glycol, rna, ribonucleic acid, ros, reactive oxygen species, rpe1, retinal pigment epithelial cells 1, sirna, small interference rna, tnf-α, tumor necrosis factor α, tsg101, tumor susceptibility gene 101, vps4, vacuolar protein sorting-associated protein 4, exosomes, nanocarrier, extracellular vesicles, drug delivery systems