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      Journal of Pain Research (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on reporting of high-quality laboratory and clinical findings in all fields of pain research and the prevention and management of pain. Sign up for email alerts here.

      52,235 Monthly downloads/views I 2.832 Impact Factor I 4.5 CiteScore I 1.2 Source Normalized Impact per Paper (SNIP) I 0.655 Scimago Journal & Country Rank (SJR)

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      Peripheral sympathetic mechanisms in orofacial pain

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          Abstract

          Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) is a part of the autonomic nervous system which involuntarily regulates internal body functions. It appears to modulate the processing of nociceptive information. Many orofacial pain conditions involve inflammation of orofacial tissues and/or injury of nerve, some of which might be attributed to SNS. Thus, the aim of this review was to bring together the data available regarding the peripheral sympathetic mechanisms involved in orofacial pain. A clearer understanding of SNS–sensory interactions in orofacial pain may provide a basis for novel therapeutic strategies for conditions that respond poorly to conventional treatments.

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          Autonomic innervation and regulation of the immune system (1987-2007).

          Dwight Nance, Virginia Sanders (2007)
          Since 1987, only a few neuroanatomical studies have been conducted to identify the origin of innervation for the immune system. These studies demonstrated that all primary and secondary immune organs receive a substantial sympathetic innervation from sympathetic postganglionic neurons. Neither the thymus nor spleen receive any sensory neural innervation; however, there is evidence that lymph nodes and bone marrow may be innervated by sensory neurons located in dorsal root ganglia. There is no neuroanatomical evidence for a parasympathetic or vagal nerve supply to any immune organ. Thus, the primary pathway for the neural regulation of immune function is provided by the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and its main neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE). Activation of the SNS primarily inhibits the activity of cells associated with the innate immune system, while it either enhances or inhibits the activity of cells associated with the acquired/adaptive immune system. Innate immune cells express both alpha and beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes, while T and B lymphocytes express adrenergic receptors of the beta2 subtype exclusively, except for murine Th2 cells that lack expression of any subtype. Via these adrenergic receptors, NE is able to regulate the level of immune cell activity by initiating a change in the level of cellular activity, which often involves a change in the level of gene expression for cytokines and antibodies.
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            Immune Cytokines and Their Receptors in Inflammatory Pain

            Stephen McMahon, Anne Christensen, Damini Tewari … (2018)
            There is burgeoning interest in the interaction between the immune and nervous systems. Pain is mediated by primary sensory neurons (nociceptors) that can respond to a variety of thermal, mechanical and chemical signals. Cytokines are now recognized as important mediators of inflammatory pain. They can induce nociceptor sensitization indirectly via mediators, wherein neurons become primed and thus become more responsive to stimulation; alternatively, there is also evidence that cytokines can directly activate neurons via their specific receptors present on the neuronal cells. We review here the evidence for and against these respective mechanisms, focusing on arthritis and inflammatory skin models. A number of striking inconsistencies amongst the conclusions made in the literature are highlighted and discussed.
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              Pain-autonomic interactions.

              Eduardo E. Benarroch (2006)
              There are extensive interactions between the neural structures involved in pain sensation and autonomic control. The insular and anterior cingulate cortices, amygdala, hypothalamus, periaqueductal grey, parabrachial nucleus, nucleus of the solitary tract, ventrolateral medulla and raphe nuclei receive converging nociceptive and visceral inputs from the spinal and trigeminal dorsal horns and initiate arousal, affective, autonomic, motor and pain modulatory responses to painful stimuli. This review will focus on some central pain-autonomic interactions potentially relevant for the pathophysiology of primary headache.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Pain Res
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Pain Res
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Journal of Pain Research
                Title: Journal of Pain Research
                Publisher: Dove Medical Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1178-7090
                Publication date Collection: 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 October 2018
                Volume: 11
                Pages: 2425-2431
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Stomatological Research, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Guangzhou, China, HeHW@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn
                [2 ]Department of Anesthesiology, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
                [3 ]The Public Service Platform of South China Sea for R&D Marine Biomedicine Resources, Marine Biomedical Research Institute, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
                [4 ]Department of Pathology, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Hongwen He, Guanghua School of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University, No. 74 Zhongshan Rd 2, Guangzhou 510080, China, Tel +86 208 733 0570, Fax +86 208 733 0709, Email HeHW@ 123456mail.sysu.edu.cn
                Article
                Publisher ID: jpr-11-2425
                DOI: 10.2147/JPR.S179327
                PMC ID: 6200434
                PubMed ID: 30425556
                SO-VID: adb5a652-b77a-4ce1-af01-ce0f37d11b61
                Copyright © © 2018 Fan et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited
                License:

                The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed.

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                Subject: Review

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Keywords: sympathetic nervous system,norepinephrine,adrenergic receptors,orofacial pain
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Anesthesiology & Pain management
                Keywords: sympathetic nervous system, norepinephrine, adrenergic receptors, orofacial pain

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