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      Madres adictas: determinación de niveles de drogas y evaluación del crecimiento y desarrollo de sus hijos en los primeros seis meses Translated title: Addicted mothers: determination of drug levels and evaluation of growth and development of their children in the first six months of life

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Conocer la concentración de marihuana, cocaína, benzodiacepinas y morfina en sangre materna, cordón umbilical y leche materna, en un grupo de madres adictas, atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología del 1º de agosto de 2006 al 31 de julio de 2008, y evaluar el crecimiento y desarrollo neuromotor de sus hijos cada mes, en los primeros seis meses de vida. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio observacional, prospectivo y longitudinal del binomio (madre-hijo) con antecedentes de consumo de drogas durante el embarazo o un año previo al mismo, así como de aquellos casos en los que las parejas sexuales de las madres fueron adictas. Se analizaron variables maternas y neonatales. Los tipos de droga estudiados fueron: cocaína, marihuana, benzodiacepinas, morfina y otras, en la sangre materna, el cordón umbilical y la leche de las madres, procesadas por inmunoanálisis enzimático. Durante los primeros seis meses de vida, se realizó un seguimiento del crecimiento pondoestatural y la evaluación del desarrollo neurológico por medio de la prueba de Amiel-Tison. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó estadística descriptiva. Resultados: Ingresaron al estudio 54 pacientes, la edad materna fue de 19 a 29 años en el 57.4%. El consumo de dos o más drogas se encontró en el 38.9%, la combinación más frecuente fue cocaína y marihuana; no se reportó ningún caso de síndrome de abstinencia. Se encontraron niveles presentes de cocaína en cuatro pacientes (7%); de marihuana, en 21 pacientes (38.9%); de opioides, en 14 pacientes (26%); de anfetaminas, en un paciente (1.9%)]; se reportaron niveles de benzodiacepinas presentes en 18 pacientes (33.3%). No hubo alteraciones en el crecimiento, y el desarrollo neurológico fue normal en el 85.2% de los casos en el seguimiento a los seis meses de vida. Discusión: Las adicciones y, en especial, las drogas sociales, son uno de los grandes problemas de salud pública que afectan a nuestra sociedad. La estrecha vigilancia en los hijos de estas pacientes y la toma seriada de niveles en la leche materna son necesarias para asegurar un adecuado crecimiento y desarrollo en esta población de riesgo.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: Know the levels of marihuana, cocaine, benzodiazepines and morphine in maternal blood, umbilical cord and breast milk, in a group of addicted mothers of the Instituto Nacional de Perinatología from August 1st 2006 to July 31th 2008; and evaluate growth and development of their offspring monthly during the first six months of life. Material and methods: We performed an observational, longitudinal and prospective study, including mother-infant binomio with drug addiction during pregnancy or exposed one year before, or if their sexual partners were addicted too. For determining drug levels, samples from maternal blood, umbilical cord and breast milk, were taken and processed by enzyme immunoassay technique. Growth of infants during the first six months of life, and the neurological development were done. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics. Results: The study included 54 patients; maternal age between 19-29 years in 57.4% of the cases. Two or more drugs were consumed in 38.9% of the cases and marihuana and cocaine, were the most used combination, no abstinence syndrome documented. Cocaine levels were positive in four (7%) patients; marihuana in 21 patients (38.9%); opioids in 14 (26%) patients; amphetamines in one (1.9%) patient and benzodiazepine in 18 (33.3%) cases. In the six months of follow up, there were no alterations on growth and the neurological development was normal in 85.2% of the cases. Discussion: In our society the addiction to recreative drugs is a public health problems. A close follow up of growth and neurological development is mandatory in these children and determining drug levels samples in breast milk, are necessary to achieve this goal.

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          Most cited references27

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          Effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome among infants of drug-dependent mothers.

          The purpose of this research was to assess the effects of breast milk on the severity and outcome of neonatal abstinence syndrome. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 190 drug-dependent mother and infant pairs. Patients were categorized according to the predominant type of milk consumed by the infant on the fifth day of life (breast milk: n = 85 or formula: n = 105). The Finnegan's scoring system was used to monitor withdrawal, and medication was commenced if there were 2 scores of > or = 8. Mean Finnegan scores were significantly lower in the breast milk group during the first 9 days of life even after stratifying for prematurity and exposure to polydrug and methadone. Significantly fewer infants required withdrawal treatment in the breast milk group. The median time to withdrawal occurred considerably later in breast milk group. In a multivariate analysis controlled for exposure to drugs of high risk of neonatal abstinence syndrome, polydrug, and prematurity, breast milk group was associated with lower need for neonatal abstinence syndrome treatment. Breast milk intake is associated with reduced neonatal abstinence syndrome severity, delayed onset of neonatal abstinence syndrome, and decreased need for pharmacologic treatment, regardless of the gestation and the type of drug exposure.
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            Cocaine and tobacco use and the risk of spontaneous abortion.

            Cigarette smoking and cocaine use may be risk factors for spontaneous abortion, but data supporting such a link are limited. We studied the associations between cocaine and tobacco use and spontaneous abortion among pregnant adolescents and women (age range, 14 to 40 years) who sought care at an inner-city emergency department. A total of 400 adolescents and women had spontaneous abortions either at study entry or during follow-up (which lasted until 22 weeks' gestation), and 570 adolescents and women remained pregnant past 22 weeks' gestation. Cocaine use was measured at base line by self-reports and analysis of urine and hair samples. Cigarette smoking was measured by self-reports and urine analysis. The adolescents and women in both groups were predominantly black and of lower socioeconomic status. Among those who had spontaneous abortions, 28.9 percent used cocaine on the basis of hair analysis and 34.6 percent smoked on the basis of a urine cotinine assay, as compared with 20.5 percent and 21.8 percent, respectively, of the adolescents and women who did not have spontaneous abortions. The presence of cocaine in hair samples was independently associated with an increase in the occurrence of spontaneous abortion (odds ratio, 1.4; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.1) after adjustment for demographic and drug-use variables. However, the use of cocaine as measured by self-reports and by urine analysis was not. The presence of cotinine in urine was also independently associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (odds ratio, 1.8; 95 percent confidence interval, 1.3 to 2.6). Twenty-four percent of the risk of spontaneous abortion could be related to cocaine or tobacco use. Cocaine and tobacco use were common in our study population and were associated with a significant risk of spontaneous abortion.
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              Prevalence and magnitude of perinatal substance exposures in California.

              Perinatal substance exposure has been linked to many neonatal and obstetrical complications. There have been few population-based epidemiologic studies to identify the prevalence and demographic profiles associated with drugs, alcohol, and smoking during pregnancy. We studied a fully probabilistic stratified-cluster sample to estimate the prevalence of perinatal substance exposures in California in 1992. Urine samples from 29,494 women presenting for delivery in 202 hospitals were coded and screened for toxins; the results of toxicology screening were later linked by code number to the subjects' demographic variables and their reported use of tobacco and prescribed drugs. Urinary toxicologic tests provide conservative estimates because they can detect only very recent substance use. The weighted prevalence for perinatal substance exposure was 5.16 percent for the use of one or more drugs, 6.72 percent for alcohol (analyzed independently), and 8.82 percent for self-reported smoking. The percentage of women testing positive for any drug, including alcohol, was 11.35 percent. Estimates for racial and ethnic groups varied widely. Black women had the highest prevalence of total drug use (14.22 percent), alcohol use (11.58 percent), cocaine use (7.79 percent), and tobacco use (20.12 percent). Most drug exposures occurred among white non-Hispanic and Hispanic women. White non-Hispanic women had the second highest prevalence rate for the use of one or more drugs (6.79 percent) and self-reported tobacco use (14.82 percent). Hispanic women had the second highest prevalence rate for alcohol (6.87 percent). In California in 1992, there were 67,361 estimated perinatal exposures to one or more drugs, including alcohol, and 52,346 self-reported exposures to tobacco. These findings have clinical and public health implications.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                prh
                Perinatología y reproducción humana
                Perinatol. Reprod. Hum.
                Instituto Nacional de Perinatología (México, DF, Mexico )
                0187-5337
                September 2012
                : 26
                : 3
                : 180-186
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes orgdiv1Departamento de Alojamiento Conjunto
                [03] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes orgdiv1Neonatología, Generación 2006-2008
                [04] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes orgdiv1Departamento de Farmacología Clínica
                [02] orgnameInstituto Nacional de Perinatología Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes orgdiv1Neonatología, Generación 2007-2009
                Article
                S0187-53372012000300003 S0187-5337(12)02600300003
                adcb42ec-160a-4ce1-a46b-1f3db914b63c

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 September 2012
                : 07 March 2012
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 17, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos originales

                Drogas,leche materna,recién nacidos,madres adictas,newborn,addicted mothers,Drugs,breast milk

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