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      Divergence times, historical biogeography, and shifts in speciation rates of Myrtales.

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          Abstract

          We examine the eudicot order Myrtales, a clade with strong Gondwanan representation for most of its families. Although previous phylogenetic studies greatly improved our understanding of intergeneric and interspecific relationships within the order, our understanding of inter-familial relationships still remains unresolved; hence, we also lack a robust time-calibrated chronogram to address hypotheses (e.g., biogeography and diversification rates) that have implicit time assumptions. Six loci (rbcL, ndhF, matK, matR, 18S, and 26S) were amplified and sequenced for 102 taxa across Myrtales for phylogenetic reconstruction and ten fossil priors were utilized to produce a chronogram in BEAST. Combretaceae is identified as the sister clade to all remaining families with moderate support, and within the latter clade, two strongly supported groups are seen: (1) Onagraceae+Lythraceae, and (2) Melastomataceae+the Crypteroniaceae, Alzateaceae, Penaeaceae clade along with Myrtaceae+Vochysiaceae. Divergence time estimates suggest Myrtales diverged from Geraniales ∼124Mya during the Aptian of the Early Cretaceous. The crown date for Myrtales is estimated at ∼116Mya (Albian-Aptian). BioGeoBEARS showed significant improvement in the likelihood score when the "jump dispersal" parameter was added. South America and/or Africa are implicated as important ancestral areas in all deeper nodes. BAMM analyses indicate that the best configuration included three significant shifts in diversification rates within Myrtales: near the crown of Melastomataceae (∼67-64Mya), along the stem of subfamily Myrtoideae (Myrtaceae; ∼75Mya), and along the stem of tribe Combreteae (Combretaceae; ∼50-45Mya). Issues with conducting diversification analyses more generally are examined in the context of scale, taxon sampling, and larger sets of phylogenetic trees.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          Mol. Phylogenet. Evol.
          Molecular phylogenetics and evolution
          1095-9513
          1055-7903
          Feb 2016
          : 95
          Affiliations
          [1 ] Department of Biological Sciences, St. John's University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, NY 11432, USA; Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA. Electronic address: brent.a.berger@gmail.com.
          [2 ] Department of Botany, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA.
          Article
          S1055-7903(15)00304-8
          10.1016/j.ympev.2015.10.001
          26585030
          adfa6cbb-5263-4ffd-83a5-fcc4fe6565a7
          Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
          History

          BAMM,BEAST,BioGeoBEARS,Diversification,Gondwana,Phylogenetics
          BAMM, BEAST, BioGeoBEARS, Diversification, Gondwana, Phylogenetics

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