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      Object view in spatial system dynamics: a grassland farming example

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          Abstract

          Spatial system dynamics (SSD) models are typically implemented by linking stock variables to raster grids while the use of object representations of human artefacts such as buildings or ownership has been limited. This limitation is addressed by this article, which demonstrates the use of object representations in SSD. The objects are parcels of land that are attributed to grassland farms. The model simulates structural change in agriculture, i.e., change in the size of farms. The aim of the model is to reveal relations between structural change, farmland fragmentation and variable farmland quality. Results show that fragmented farms tend to become consolidated by structural change, whereas consolidated initial conditions result in a significant increase of fragmentation. Consolidation is reinforced by a dynamic land market and high transportation costs. The example demonstrates the capabilities of the object-based approach for integrating object geometries (parcel shapes) and relations between objects (distances between parcels) dynamically in SSD.

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          Most cited references53

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          Landscape Ecology: The Effect of Pattern on Process

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            The role of spatial metrics in the analysis and modeling of urban land use change

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              High resilience in the Yamal-Nenets social-ecological system, West Siberian Arctic, Russia.

              Tundra ecosystems are vulnerable to hydrocarbon development, in part because small-scale, low-intensity disturbances can affect vegetation, permafrost soils, and wildlife out of proportion to their spatial extent. Scaling up to include human residents, tightly integrated arctic social-ecological systems (SESs) are believed similarly susceptible to industrial impacts and climate change. In contrast to northern Alaska and Canada, most terrestrial and aquatic components of West Siberian oil and gas fields are seasonally exploited by migratory herders, hunters, fishers, and domesticated reindeer (Rangifer tarandus L.). Despite anthropogenic fragmentation and transformation of a large proportion of the environment, recent socioeconomic upheaval, and pronounced climate warming, we find the Yamal-Nenets SES highly resilient according to a few key measures. We detail the remarkable extent to which the system has successfully reorganized in response to recent shocks and evaluate the limits of the system's capacity to respond. Our analytical approach combines quantitative methods with participant observation to understand the overall effects of rapid land use and climate change at the level of the entire Yamal system, detect thresholds crossed using surrogates, and identify potential traps. Institutional constraints and drivers were as important as the documented ecological changes. Particularly crucial to success is the unfettered movement of people and animals in space and time, which allows them to alternately avoid or exploit a wide range of natural and anthropogenic habitats. However, expansion of infrastructure, concomitant terrestrial and freshwater ecosystem degradation, climate change, and a massive influx of workers underway present a looming threat to future resilience.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Spat Sci
                J Spat Sci
                TJSS
                tjss20
                Journal of Spatial Science
                Taylor & Francis
                1449-8596
                1836-5655
                2 July 2016
                25 April 2016
                : 61
                : 2
                : 367-388
                Affiliations
                [ a ]Department of Geography, University of Munich , Munich, Germany
                [ b ]Doctoral College GIScience, University of Salzburg , Salzburg, Austria
                [ c ]Department of Geoinformatics - Z_GIS, University of Salzburg , Salzburg, Austria
                [ d ]Department of Geo-Information, AREC Raumberg-Gumpenstein , Irdning, Austria
                Author notes
                Article
                1132641
                10.1080/14498596.2015.1132641
                5253720
                ae07a80b-fd67-4e5e-a6a0-4a8856401462
                © 2016 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 3, Equations: 31, References: 58, Pages: 22
                Funding
                Funded by: Austrian Science Fund (FWF)
                Award ID: DK W 1237-N23
                Categories
                Review Article
                Research Papers

                spatial system dynamics,sd and gis,spatial structure,object geometry and topology,agriculture

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