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      Distinct patterns of Internet and smartphone-related problems among adolescents by gender: Latent class analysis

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          Abstract

          Background and objectives

          The ubiquitous Internet connections by smartphones weakened the traditional boundaries between computers and mobile phones. We sought to explore whether smartphone-related problems differ from those of computer use according to gender using latent class analysis (LCA).

          Methods

          After informed consents, 555 Korean middle-school students completed surveys on gaming, Internet use, and smartphone usage patterns. They also completed various psychosocial instruments. LCA was performed for the whole group and by gender. In addition to ANOVA and χ 2 tests, post-hoc tests were conducted to examine differences among the LCA subgroups.

          Results

          In the whole group ( n = 555), four subtypes were identified: dual-problem users (49.5%), problematic Internet users (7.7%), problematic smartphone users (32.1%), and “healthy” users (10.6%). Dual-problem users scored highest for addictive behaviors and other psychopathologies. The gender-stratified LCA revealed three subtypes for each gender. With dual-problem and healthy subgroup as common, problematic Internet subgroup was classified in the males, whereas problematic smartphone subgroup was classified in the females in the gender-stratified LCA. Thus, distinct patterns were observed according to gender with higher proportion of dual-problem present in males. While gaming was associated with problematic Internet use in males, aggression and impulsivity demonstrated associations with problematic smartphone use in females.

          Conclusions

          An increase in the number of digital media-related problems was associated with worse outcomes in various psychosocial scales. Gaming may play a crucial role in males solely displaying Internet-related problems. The heightened impulsivity and aggression seen in our female problematic smartphone users requires further research.

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          Most cited references59

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          Deciding on the Number of Classes in Latent Class Analysis and Growth Mixture Modeling: A Monte Carlo Simulation Study

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            An inventory for measuring depression.

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              Factor structure of the barratt impulsiveness scale

              The purpose of the present study was to revise the Barratt Impulsiveness Scale Version 10 (BIS-10), identify the factor structure of the items among normals, and compare their scores on the revised form (BIS-11) with psychiatric inpatients and prison inmates. The scale was administered to 412 college undergraduates, 248 psychiatric inpatients, and 73 male prison inmates. Exploratory principal components analysis of the items identified six primary factors and three second-order factors. The three second-order factors were labeled Attentional Impulsiveness, Motor Impulsiveness, and Nonplanning Impulsiveness. Two of the three second-order factors identified in the BIS-11 were consistent with those proposed by Barratt (1985), but no cognitive impulsiveness component was identified per se. The results of the present study suggest that the total score of the BIS-11 is an internally consistent measure of impulsiveness and has potential clinical utility for measuring impulsiveness among selected patient and inmate populations.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jba
                2006
                Journal of Behavioral Addictions
                J Behav Addict
                Akadémiai Kiadó (Budapest )
                2062-5871
                2063-5303
                15 May 2018
                June 2018
                : 7
                : 2
                : 454-465
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ]Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ 2 ]Department of Statistics, Ewha Womans University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ 3 ]Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ 4 ]I Will Center, Seoul Metropolitan Boramae Youth Center , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ 5 ]Department of Statistics, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ 6 ]Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                [ 7 ]Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University , Seoul, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding authors: Jung-Seok Choi, MD, PhD; Department of Psychiatry, SMG-SNU Boramae Medical Center, 20, Boramae-ro 5-gil, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 07061, Republic of Korea; Phone: +82 2870 3461; Fax: +82 2831 2826; E-mail: choijs73@ 123456gmail.com ; Yong-Sil Kweon, MD, PhD; Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Uijeongbu St. Mary’s Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, 222 Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea; Phone: +82 31 820 3032; Fax: +82 31 847 3630; E-mail: yskwn@ 123456catholic.ac.kr
                Article
                10.1556/2006.7.2018.28
                6174601
                29788762
                ae0c9481-d5bb-4918-86f4-ba693efa7469
                © 2018 The Author(s)

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium for non-commercial purposes, provided the original author and source are credited, a link to the CC License is provided, and changes – if any – are indicated.

                History
                : 21 August 2017
                : 09 March 2018
                : 24 March 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 59, Pages: 12
                Funding
                Funding sources: This study was supported by a grant of the Korean Mental Health Technology R&D Project, Ministry of Health and Welfare, Republic of Korea (HM14C2603), and the National Research Foundation of Korea (2014M3C7A1062894).
                Categories
                FULL-LENGTH REPORT

                Medicine,Psychology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Internet,game,gender,latent class analysis,addiction,smartphone

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