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      Enfermedad neumocócica invasiva en el Hospital Costa del Sol: emergencia de serotipos no vacunables Translated title: Invasive neumococcal disease in Costa del Sol Hospital: emergency by non-vaccinable serotypes

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          RESUMEN

          Fundamentos:

          Streptococcus pneumoniae puede causar enfermedades invasivas y no invasivas. Bajo la denominación de enfermedad neumocócica invasiva, se incluyen aquellas infecciones que se localizan en tejidos, órganos y fluidos que normalmente son estériles y que se asocian con procesos clínicos generalmente severos. El objetivo de este estudio fue caracterizar los episodios de ENI (Enfermedad Neumocócica Invasiva) así como describir la sensibilidad antimicrobiana y distribución de los serotipos (vacunales y no vacunales) de cepas de S. pneumoniae aisladas en hemocultivos de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Costa del Sol entre septiembre de 2012 y enero de 2017.

          Métodos:

          Estudio descriptivo a partir de cepas de S. pneumoniae aisladas en hemocultivos. Las variables de estudio fueron: edad, sexo, fallecimiento, tabaquismo, infección por VIH, diagnóstico clínico, serotipo y perfil de sensibilidad antimicrobiana. La fuente de información utilizada fue el programa de gestión clínica “Doctor”. El análisis estadístico se llevó a cabo mediante el software SPSS (SPSS, version 15,0; SPSS, Chicago Illinois, USA).

          Resultados:

          Se aislaron un total de 76 cepas de S. pneumoniae. Los serotipos más prevalentes fueron, en orden descendente 8, 3, 9N, 6C, 22F, 11A y 14. El 77,3% de las cepas fueron causantes de episodios de ENI con diagnóstico clínico de neumonía bacteriémica. Según el criterio del CLSI 2016 (Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute), encontramos 2 cepas no sensibles a penicilina, 23 cepas no sensibles a eritromicina y 3 cepas no sensibles a levofloxacino.

          Conclusiones:

          Los resultados de este estudio muestran que los serotipos más frecuentes entre los pacientes con ENI atendidos en nuestro hospital no están cubiertos por las vacunas conjugadas, aunque sí por la VNP23. El serotipo 6C, no cubierto por ninguna vacuna, se situó entre los tres más frecuentemente aislados, causando exitus en un tercio de los pacientes.

          ABSTRACT

          Background:

          Streptococcus pneumoniae can cause invasive and noninvasive diseases. Invasive pneumococcal disease causes infections in tissues, organs and fluids that are normally sterile and is associated with severe clinical processes generally. The aim of this study was to characterize ENI episodes as well as to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility and distribution of serotypes (vaccinal and non-vacunal) of S. pneumoniae strains isolated in blood cultures of patients treated at the Hospital Costa del Sol between September 2012 and January 2017.

          Methods:

          Descriptive study from S. pneumoniae strains isolated in blood cultures. The variables studied were: age, sex, death, smoking, HIV infection, clinical diagnosis, serotype and antibiotic susceptibility profile. The source of information used was the clinic management program called Doctor.

          Results:

          76 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated. The most prevalent serotypes were 8, 3, 9N, 6C, 22F, 11A and 14. 77.3% of the strains were responsible for IPD (Invasive Pneumococcal Disease) episodes with clinical diagnosis of bacterial pneumonia. According to the CLSI 2016 (Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute) criteria, 2 strains were non-susceptible to penicillin, 23 strains were non-susceptible to erythromycin and 3 were strains non-susceptible to levofloxacin.

          Conclusions:

          The results of this study show that the most frequent serotypes among ENI patients attended in our hospital are not covered by conjugate vaccines, although they do so by VNP23. Serotype 6C, not covered by any vaccine, was among the three most frequently isolated, causing death in one third of patients.

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          Most cited references25

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          Herd immunity and serotype replacement 4 years after seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in England and Wales: an observational cohort study.

          The seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has reduced vaccine-type (VT) invasive pneumococcal disease but increases in non-vaccine-type (NVT) disease have varied between countries. We assess the effect of the PCV7 vaccination on VT and NVT disease in England and Wales. The study cohort was the population of England and Wales from July, 2000, to June, 2010. We calculated incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to compare incidences of VT and NVT disease before (2000-06) and after (2009-10) the introduction of PCV7. We used data from the national surveillance database. Cases included in our analysis were restricted to those confirmed by culture linked with isolates referred for serotyping at the national reference centre by laboratories in England and Wales. We adjusted for potential bias from missing data (serotype and age of patient) and changes in case ascertainment rates during the study period. 5809 cases of invasive pneumococcal disease were reported in 2009-10, giving an incidence of 10·6 per 100,000 population in 2009-10, which, when compared with the adjusted average annual incidence of 16·1 in 2000-06, gives an overall reduction of 34% (95% CI 28-39). VT disease decreased in all age groups, with reductions of 98% in individuals younger than 2 years and 81% in those aged 65 years or older. NVT disease increased by 68% in individuals younger than 2 years and 48% in those aged 65 years or older, giving an overall reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease of 56% in those younger than 2 years and 19% in those aged 65 years or older. After vaccine introduction, more NVT serotypes increased in frequency than decreased, which is consistent with vaccine-induced replacement. Key serotypes showing replacement were 7F, 19A, and 22F. Increases in NVT invasive pneumococcal disease were not associated with antimicrobial resistance. Despite much serotype replacement, a substantial reduction in invasive pneumococcal disease in young children can be achieved with PCV7 vaccination, with some indirect benefit in older age groups. Further reductions should be achievable by use of higher valency vaccines. Robust surveillance data are needed to properly assess the epidemiological effect of multivalent pneumococcal disease vaccines. Health Protection Agency. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Updated recommendations for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease among adults using the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23).

            , (2010)
            Invasive disease from Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is a major cause of illness and death in the United States, with an estimated 43,500 cases and 5,000 deaths among persons of all ages in 2009. This report provides updated recommendations from the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) for prevention of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) (i.e., bacteremia, meningitis, or infection of other normally sterile sites) through use of the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) among all adults aged >or=65 years and those adults aged 19-64 years with underlying medical conditions that put them at greater risk for serious pneumococcal infection. The new recommendations include the following changes from 1997 ACIP recommendations: 1) the indications for which PPSV23 vaccination is recommended now include smoking and asthma, and 2) routine use of PPSV23 is no longer recommended for Alaska Natives or American Indians aged <65 years unless they have medical or other indications for PPSV23. ACIP recommendations for revaccination with PPSV23 among the adult patient groups at greatest risk for IPD (i.e., persons with functional or anatomic asplenia and persons with immunocompromising conditions) remain unchanged. ACIP recommendations for prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and youths aged
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              Pneumococcal Conjugate and Plain Polysaccharide Vaccines Have Divergent Effects on Antigen-Specific B Cells

              Background.  A 23-valent unconjugated pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (23vP), routinely administered at the age of 65, has limited effectiveness, and revaccination induces attenuated antibody responses. It is not known whether pneumococcal polysaccharide-protein conjugated vaccines (PCV), although highly effective in infants, offer any immunological advantages over 23vP in adults. Methods.  We immunized adults with schedules combining both PCV and 23vP and investigated B-cell responses to establish whether PCV7 (a 7-valent PCV) induced T-dependent responses in adults, to assess the role of memory B cells in 23vP-induced antibody hyporesponsiveness, and to identify the B-cell subtypes involved. Results.  A single dose of PCV7 induced significant increases in serotype-specific memory B-cell populations in peripheral blood indicating a T-dependent response. Conversely, immunization with 23vP resulted in a decrease in memory B-cell frequency. Furthermore, memory B-cell responses to subsequent immunization with PCV7, when given after 23vP, were attenuated. Notably, B1b cells, a subset important in protecting mice against pneumococci, were also depleted following immunization with 23vP in humans. Conclusions.  This study indicates that PCV7 may have an immunological advantage over 23vP in adults and that 23vP-induced depletion of memory and B1b-cell subsets may provide a basis for antibody hyporesponsiveness and the limited effectiveness of 23vP. Clinical Trials Registration. ISRCTN: 78768849.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                Rev Esp Salud Publica
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                14 June 2018
                Jan-Dec 2018
                : 92
                : e20180634
                Affiliations
                [1 ] originalHospital Costa del Sol. Unidad Microbiología. Marbella. Málaga. España. orgnameHospital Costa del Sol orgdiv1Unidad Microbiología Marbella Málaga España
                [2 ] originalHospital Costa del Sol. Servicio Medicina Preventiva. Marbella. Málaga. España. orgnameHospital Costa del Sol orgdiv1Servicio Medicina Preventiva Marbella Málaga España
                Author notes
                Correspondencia Ana María Correa Ruiz Dirección: A-7 Km 187 29603 Marbella (Málaga) ana-correa@ 123456hotmail.es

                Los autores declaran que no existe conflicto de intereses.

                Article
                e201806034
                11587214
                ae0cf860-f3c1-4ddd-97bf-f63295d07065

                This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. You are free to Share (copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format) under the following terms: Attribution (You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license, and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use); NonCommercial (You may not use the material for commercial purposes); NoDerivatives (If you remix, transform, or build upon the material, you may not distribute the modified material); No additional restrictions (You may not apply legal terms or technological measures that legally restrict others from doing anything the license permits).

                History
                : 30 August 2017
                : 04 June 2018
                : 14 June 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 6, Equations: 0, References: 31, Pages: 1
                Categories
                Original

                streptococcus pneumoniae,enfermedad neumocócica invasiva,serotipos,vacunación,sensibilidad,invasive pneumococcal disease,serotype,sensitivity

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