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      High-Throughput Sequence Analysis of Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus) Transcriptome Using 454-Pyrosequencing for the Discovery of Antiviral Immune Genes

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          Abstract

          Background

          Turbot ( Scophthalmus maximus L.) is an important aquacultural resource both in Europe and Asia. However, there is little information on gene sequences available in public databases. Currently, one of the main problems affecting the culture of this flatfish is mortality due to several pathogens, especially viral diseases which are not treatable. In order to identify new genes involved in immune defense, we conducted 454-pyrosequencing of the turbot transcriptome after different immune stimulations.

          Methodology/Principal Findings

          Turbot were injected with viral stimuli to increase the expression level of immune-related genes. High-throughput deep sequencing using 454-pyrosequencing technology yielded 915,256 high-quality reads. These sequences were assembled into 55,404 contigs that were subjected to annotation steps. Intriguingly, 55.16% of the deduced protein was not significantly similar to any sequences in the databases used for the annotation and only 0.85% of the BLASTx top-hits matched S. maximus protein sequences. This relatively low level of annotation is possibly due to the limited information for this specie and other flatfish in the database. These results suggest the identification of a large number of new genes in turbot and in fish in general. A more detailed analysis showed the presence of putative members of several innate and specific immune pathways.

          Conclusions/Significance

          To our knowledge , this study is the first transcriptome analysis using 454-pyrosequencing for turbot. Previously, there were only 12,471 EST and less of 1,500 nucleotide sequences for S. maximus in NCBI database. Our results provide a rich source of data (55,404 contigs and 181,845 singletons) for discovering and identifying new genes, which will serve as a basis for microarray construction, gene expression characterization and for identification of genetic markers to be used in several applications. Immune stimulation in turbot was very effective, obtaining an enormous variety of sequences belonging to genes involved in the defense mechanisms.

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          Most cited references63

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          Positive and negative selection of T cells.

          A functional immune system requires the selection of T lymphocytes expressing receptors that are major histocompatibility complex restricted but tolerant to self-antigens. This selection occurs predominantly in the thymus, where lymphocyte precursors first assemble a surface receptor. In this review we summarize the current state of the field regarding the natural ligands and molecular factors required for positive and negative selection and discuss a model for how these disparate outcomes can be signaled via the same receptor. We also discuss emerging data on the selection of regulatory T cells. Such cells require a high-affinity interaction with self-antigens, yet differentiate into regulatory cells instead of being eliminated.
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            Hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.

            Accumulation and turnover of extracellular matrix components are the hallmarks of tissue injury. Fragmented hyaluronan stimulates the expression of inflammatory genes by a variety of immune cells at the injury site. Hyaluronan binds to a number of cell surface proteins on various cell types. Hyaluronan fragments signal through both Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 and TLR2 as well as CD44 to stimulate inflammatory genes in inflammatory cells. Hyaluronan is also present on the cell surface of epithelial cells and provides protection against tissue damage from the environment by interacting with TLR2 and TLR4. Hyaluronan and hyaluronan-binding proteins regulate inflammation, tissue injury, and repair through regulating inflammatory cell recruitment, release of inflammatory cytokines, and cell migration. This review focuses on the role of hyaluronan as an immune regulator in human diseases.
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              Toll-like receptor signaling pathways.

              Members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family recognize conserved microbial structures, such as bacterial lipopolysaccharide and viral double-stranded RNA, and activate signaling pathways that result in immune responses against microbial infections. All TLRs activate MyD88-dependent pathways to induce a core set of stereotyped responses, such as inflammation. However, individual TLRs can also induce immune responses that are tailored to a given microbial infection. Thus, these receptors are involved in both innate and adaptive immune responses. The mechanisms and components of these varied responses are only partly understood. Given the importance of TLRs in host defense, dissection of the pathways they activate has become an important emerging research focus. TLRs and their pathways are numerous; Science's Signal Transduction Knowledge Environment's TLR Connections Map provides an immediate, clear overview of the known components and relations of this complex system.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )
                1932-6203
                2012
                18 May 2012
                : 7
                : 5
                : e35369
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, IIM, CSIC, Vigo, Spain
                [2 ]Departament de Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona i Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona, IBUB, Barcelona, Spain
                [3 ]Centros Científicos y Tecnológicos de la UB, CCiT-UB, Universitat de Barcelona, Edifici Clúster, Parc Científic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
                Auburn University, United States of America
                Author notes

                Conceived and designed the experiments: BN AF. Performed the experiments: PP. Wrote the paper: PP. Conducted the 454 sequencing and the bioinformatic work: SB BF GF-C. Performed functional annotation analyses: PP PB. Deposited the sequences in databases: PP GF-C. Involved in the construction and annotation of the immune cascades: AR SD. Revised the study and manuscript: JP PB BN AF. Edited, read and approved the manuscript: AF PP PB AR SD GF-C BF JP SB BN.

                Article
                PONE-D-11-24651
                10.1371/journal.pone.0035369
                3356354
                22629298
                ae0eb4ff-d7e5-483e-851d-b349028841ad
                Pereiro et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
                History
                : 9 December 2011
                : 16 March 2012
                Page count
                Pages: 17
                Categories
                Research Article
                Agriculture
                Aquaculture
                Fish Farming
                Mariculture
                Biology
                Biotechnology
                Genomics
                Immunology
                Marine Biology
                Veterinary Science
                Veterinary Diseases
                Veterinary Pathology

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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