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      Drug-Induced Erythema Multiforme

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute inflammatory, mucocutaneous, psychosomatic, and vesiculobullous condition that varies from minor to major forms. The acral distribution of target lesions is a characteristic of this condition. The aetiology of erythema multiforme is multifactorial. 90% of the cases are triggered by a herpes infection, whereas 10% occur secondary to drug intake. The offending drugs include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, and anticonvulsants. The present case series discusses four cases of drug-induced erythema multiforme and their management.

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          Mycoplasma pneumoniae-induced rash and mucositis as a syndrome distinct from Stevens-Johnson syndrome and erythema multiforme: a systematic review.

          Theresa Canavan, Erin Mathes, Ilona Frieden … (2015)
          Mycoplasma pneumoniae infection is associated with extrapulmonary complications, including mucocutaneous eruptions. These eruptions, which have been termed either "Stevens-Johnson syndrome" or "erythema multiforme" in the literature, may differ from drug-induced Stevens-Johnson syndrome or viral-associated erythema multiforme.
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            Erythema Multiforme: Recognition and Management.

            Kathryn Trayes, Gillian Love, James Studdiford (2019)
            Erythema multiforme is an immune-mediated reaction that involves the skin and sometimes the mucosa. Classically described as target-like, the erythema multiforme lesions can be isolated, recurrent, or persistent. Most commonly, the lesions of erythema multiforme present symmetrically on the extremities (especially on extensor surfaces) and spread centripetally. Infections, especially herpes simplex virus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and medications constitute most of the causes of erythema multiforme; immunizations and autoimmune diseases have also been linked to erythema multiforme. Erythema multiforme can be differentiated from urticaria by the duration of individual lesions. Erythema multiforme lesions are typically fixed for a minimum of seven days, whereas individual urticarial lesions often resolve within one day. Erythema multiforme can be confused with the more serious condition, Stevens-Johnson syndrome; however, Stevens-Johnson syndrome usually contains widespread erythematous or purpuric macules with blisters. The management of erythema multiforme involves symptomatic treatment with topical steroids or antihistamines and treating the underlying etiology, if known. Recurrent erythema multiforme associated with the herpes simplex virus should be treated with prophylactic antiviral therapy. Severe mucosal erythema multiforme can require hospitalization for intravenous fluids and repletion of electrolytes.
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              Mucosal disease series. Number IV. Erythema multiforme.

              J V Bagán, Jonathan Farthing, C Scully (2005)
              Erythema multiforme (EM) is an acute mucocutaneous hypersensitivity reaction characterised by a skin eruption, with or without oral or other mucous membrane lesions. Occasionally EM may involve the mouth alone. EM has been classified into a number of different variants based on the degree of mucosal involvement and the nature and distribution of the skin lesions. EM minor typically affects no more than one mucosa, is the most common form and may be associated with symmetrical target lesions on the extremities. EM major is more severe, typically involving two or more mucous membranes with more variable skin involvement - which is used to distinguish it from Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS), where there is extensive skin involvement and significant morbidity and a mortality rate of 5-15%. Both EM major and SJS can involve internal organs and typically are associated with systemic symptoms. Toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) may be a severe manifestation of EM, but some experts regard it as a discrete disease. EM can be triggered by a number of factors, but the best documented is preceding infection with herpes simplex virus (HSV), the lesions resulting from a cell mediated immune reaction triggered by HSV-DNA. SJS and TEN are usually initiated by drugs, and the tissue damage is mediated by soluble factors including Fas and FasL.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Abhishek Gupta:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-826X
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Case Rep Dermatol Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Case Rep Dermatol Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CRIDM
                Title: Case Reports in Dermatological Medicine
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-6463
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-6471
                Publication date Collection: 2023
                Publication date (Electronic): 23 October 2023
                Volume: 2023
                Electronic Location Identifier: 8706006
                Affiliations
                1Department of Dentistry, All India Institutes of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India
                2Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Dental Institute, Rajendra Institute of Medical Sciences, Ranchi 834009, India
                3Oracle CBCT, Oral Medicine and Radiology, Faridabad 121003, India
                4Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, School of Dental Sciences, Chitwan Medical College, Bharatpur 44207, Chitwan, Nepal
                5Private Dental Clinic, Bangalore 560038, India
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Ioannis D. Bassukas

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1804-1404
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1218-5498
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3998-5655
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2057-826X
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2023/8706006
                PMC ID: 10615586
                PubMed ID: 37908411
                SO-VID: aea446f9-ff7a-43d8-a595-49f3ff31c325
                Copyright © Copyright © 2023 Peeyush Shivhare et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 21 November 2022
                Date revision received : 21 May 2023
                Date accepted : 1 September 2023
                Categories
                Subject: Case Series

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dermatology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Dermatology

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