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      Selección de diferentes sistemas de producción de cacao (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) por aves en Alto Beni, Bolivia - una prueba de cafetería en el campo Translated title: Selection of different cacao (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) production systems by birds in Alto Beni, Bolivia - a cafeteria experiment in the field

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          Abstract

          El cacao (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) es una especie nativa de Sudamérica, y se considera que su cultivo cumple un rol importante para la conservación de biodiversidad. Se estudió la selección de aves entre cinco sistemas de producción de cacao y barbecho, a través de una prueba de cafetería en Alto Beni, Bolivia. Las aves fueron cuantificadas por medio del conteo de punto modificado durante la época seca. Se registraron 239 visitas de 43 especies de aves pertenecientes a 18 familias. El número de especies y la frecuencia de visitas de las aves estuvieron relacionadas positivamente con la complejidad de la estructura vegetal y la diversidad de árboles, disminuyendo desde el barbecho, el sistema agroforestal sucesional (SAFS), los sistemas agroforestales, hasta los monocultivos (β1 = - 0.149 ± 0.046 para el número de especies, β1 = - 0.167 ± 0.078 para la frecuencia de visitas). En los monocultivos se registró la mitad del número de especies observadas en las parcelas de barbecho. En los cultivos convencionales la frecuencia de visitas de aves disminuyó hasta un 37-46% de la frecuencia observada en las parcelas de barbecho. Se observó una mayor similitud en la composición de aves entre el SAFS y el barbecho, sugiriendo que el SAFS, al tener una estructura vegetal diversa, alberga recursos más similares al barbecho. Es importante incentivar los sistemas agroforestales complejos de cacao para la conservación de las aves en los paisajes agrícolas.

          Translated abstract

          The cacao (Theobroma cacao, Malvaceae) is a native species to South America, and its plantation is considered to play an important role in the conservation of biodiversity. We studied the birds' selection among five cacao production systems and fallow, using a cafeteria experiment in Alto Beni, Bolivia. The birds were quantified by a modified point count during the dry season. During the study we recorded 239 visits of 43 bird species belonging to 18 families. The number of species and the frequency of birds' visits were positively related to the complexity of vegetation structure and tree diversity, decreasing from fallow, successional agroforestry system (SAFS), agroforestry systems to monoculture plantations (β1 = - 0.149 ± 0.046 for the number of species, (β1 = - 0.167 ± 0.078 for the frequency of visits). In the monocultures the number of species was reduced to the half of that found in the fallow plots. In conventional plots, the frequency of birds' visits decreased to 37-46% of that observed in the fallow plots. The bird composition was similar between the SAFS and the fallow, suggesting that the SAFS, having a diverse vegetation structure, provides resources similar to the fallow. It is important to encourage complex cacao agroforestry systems for the bird conservation in agricultural landscapes.

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          Structure and Organization of an Amazonian Forest Bird Community

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            Geographic and Genetic Population Differentiation of the Amazonian Chocolate Tree (Theobroma cacao L)

            Numerous collecting expeditions of Theobroma cacao L. germplasm have been undertaken in Latin-America. However, most of this germplasm has not contributed to cacao improvement because its relationship to cultivated selections was poorly understood. Germplasm labeling errors have impeded breeding and confounded the interpretation of diversity analyses. To improve the understanding of the origin, classification, and population differentiation within the species, 1241 accessions covering a large geographic sampling were genotyped with 106 microsatellite markers. After discarding mislabeled samples, 10 genetic clusters, as opposed to the two genetic groups traditionally recognized within T. cacao, were found by applying Bayesian statistics. This leads us to propose a new classification of the cacao germplasm that will enhance its management. The results also provide new insights into the diversification of Amazon species in general, with the pattern of differentiation of the populations studied supporting the palaeoarches hypothesis of species diversification. The origin of the traditional cacao cultivars is also enlightened in this study.
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              Conservation of tropical forest birds in countryside habitats

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                reb
                Ecología en Bolivia
                Ecología en Bolivia
                Plural Editores (La Paz, , Bolivia )
                1605-2528
                2075-5023
                September 2017
                : 52
                : 2
                : 100-115
                Affiliations
                [02] La Paz orgnameMuseo Nacional de Historia Natural orgdiv1Colección Boliviana de Fauna Bolivia
                [01] orgnameUniversidad Mayor de San Andrés orgdiv1Instituto de Ecología orgdiv2Centro de Análisis Espacial knaoki@ 123456fcpn.edu.bo
                [03] Frick orgnameInstituto de Investigaciones de Agricultura Orgánica (FiBL) Suiza
                Article
                S1605-25282017000200005 S1605-2528(17)05200200005
                aea53237-41f1-4041-819f-4d4cc3968106

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 May 2017
                : 28 February 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 16
                Product

                SciELO Bolivia

                Categories
                ARTÍCULOS

                Successional agroforestry system,Selección de hábitats de aves,Alto Beni,Comparison of agricultural production systems,Cacao,Birds' habitat selection,Comparación de sistemas de producción agrícola,Sistema agroforestal sucesional

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