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      A Virtual Reality Full Body Illusion Improves Body Image Disturbance in Anorexia Nervosa

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          Abstract

          Background

          Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) have a persistent distorted experience of the size of their body. Previously we found that the Rubber Hand Illusion improves hand size estimation in this group. Here we investigated whether a Full Body Illusion (FBI) affects body size estimation of body parts more emotionally salient than the hand. In the FBI, analogue to the RHI, participants experience ownership over an entire virtual body in VR after synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation of the actual and virtual body.

          Methods and Results

          We asked participants to estimate their body size (shoulders, abdomen, hips) before the FBI was induced, directly after induction and at ~2 hour 45 minutes follow-up. The results showed that AN patients (N = 30) decrease the overestimation of their shoulders, abdomen and hips directly after the FBI was induced. This effect was strongest for estimates of circumference, and also observed in the asynchronous control condition of the illusion. Moreover, at follow-up, the improvements in body size estimation could still be observed in the AN group. Notably, the HC group (N = 29) also showed changes in body size estimation after the FBI, but the effect showed a different pattern than that of the AN group.

          Conclusion

          The results lead us to conclude that the disturbed experience of body size in AN is flexible and can be changed, even for highly emotional body parts. As such this study offers novel starting points from which new interventions for body image disturbance in AN can be developed.

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          Most cited references24

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          Risk and maintenance factors for eating pathology: a meta-analytic review.

          Eric Stice (2002)
          This meta-analytic review of prospective and experimental studies reveals that several accepted risk factors for eating pathology have not received empirical support (e.g., sexual abuse) or have received contradictory support (e.g.. dieting). There was consistent support for less-accepted risk factors(e.g., thin-ideal internalization) as well as emerging evidence for variables that potentiate and mitigate the effects of risk factors(e.g., social support) and factors that predict eating pathology maintenance(e.g., negative affect). In addition, certain multivariate etiologic and maintenance models received preliminary support. However, the predictive power of individual risk and maintenance factors was limited, suggesting it will be important to search for additional risk and maintenance factors, develop more comprehensive multivariate models, and address methodological limitations that attenuate effects.
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            Over my fake body: body ownership illusions for studying the multisensory basis of own-body perception

            Which is my body and how do I distinguish it from the bodies of others, or from objects in the surrounding environment? The perception of our own body and more particularly our sense of body ownership is taken for granted. Nevertheless, experimental findings from body ownership illusions (BOIs), show that under specific multisensory conditions, we can experience artificial body parts or fake bodies as our own body parts or body, respectively. The aim of the present paper is to discuss how and why BOIs are induced. We review several experimental findings concerning the spatial, temporal, and semantic principles of crossmodal stimuli that have been applied to induce BOIs. On the basis of these principles, we discuss theoretical approaches concerning the underlying mechanism of BOIs. We propose a conceptualization based on Bayesian causal inference for addressing how our nervous system could infer whether an object belongs to our own body, using multisensory, sensorimotor, and semantic information, and we discuss how this can account for several experimental findings. Finally, we point to neural network models as an implementational framework within which the computational problem behind BOIs could be addressed in the future.
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              Weight concerns influence the development of eating disorders: a 4-year prospective study.

              The authors examined factors prospectively associated with age of onset of partial syndrome eating disorders over a 4-year interval in a community sample (N = 877) of high school-age adolescent girls. Four percent developed a partial syndrome eating disorder over the interval. A measure of weight concerns was significantly associated with onset in a multivariate Cox proportional hazard analysis (p < .001). Girls scoring in the highest quartile on the measure of weight concerns had the highest incidence (10%) of partial syndrome onset, whereas none of the girls in the lowest quartile developed eating disorder symptoms. This finding is consistent with both theoretical and clinical perspectives and may represent a useful step toward the establishment of a rational basis for the choice of a prevention intervention target.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                6 October 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 10
                : e0163921
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Experimental Psychology/Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Altrecht Center for Eating Disorders Rintveld, Altrecht Mental Health Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
                [3 ]Clinical Psychology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [4 ]Department of Neurology, University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
                Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, GERMANY
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                • Conceptualization: AK AVE HCD.

                • Data curation: AK RH.

                • Formal analysis: AK.

                • Investigation: AK RH.

                • Methodology: AK HCD.

                • Project administration: AK RH.

                • Software: AK.

                • Supervision: HCD.

                • Visualization: AK.

                • Writing – original draft: AK.

                • Writing – review & editing: AK AVE RH HCD.

                Article
                PONE-D-16-07832
                10.1371/journal.pone.0163921
                5053411
                27711234
                aebe600e-b54b-4c08-8168-96bed4c0e694
                © 2016 Keizer et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 23 February 2016
                : 17 September 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 5, Pages: 21
                Funding
                The authors received no specific funding for this work.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Physiological Parameters
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Abdomen
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Abdomen
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Eating Disorders
                Anorexia Nervosa
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Hip
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Pelvis
                Hip
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Neuroscience
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Psychology
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Social Sciences
                Psychology
                Sensory Perception
                Vision
                Physical Sciences
                Chemistry
                Polymer Chemistry
                Macromolecules
                Polymers
                Elastomers
                Rubber
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Materials by Structure
                Polymers
                Elastomers
                Rubber
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Biochemistry
                Lipids
                Fats
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Mental Health and Psychiatry
                Eating Disorders
                Custom metadata
                Due to conditions of patient consent, data are only available upon request. Please send all requests to the corresponding author, Anouk Keizer ( a.keizer@ 123456uu.nl ).

                Uncategorized
                Uncategorized

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