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      Diurnal? Calling activity patterns reveal nocturnal habits in the aposematic toad Melanophryniscus rubriventris

      1 , 1 , 2 , 1
      Canadian Journal of Zoology
      Canadian Science Publishing

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          The Ecology and Behavior of Amphibians

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            The social behaviour of anuran amphibians

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              Linking the evolution and form of warning coloration in nature.

              Many animals are toxic or unpalatable and signal this to predators with warning signals (aposematism). Aposematic appearance has long been a classical system to study predator-prey interactions, communication and signalling, and animal behaviour and learning. The area has received considerable empirical and theoretical investigation. However, most research has centred on understanding the initial evolution of aposematism, despite the fact that these studies often tell us little about the form and diversity of real warning signals in nature. In contrast, less attention has been given to the mechanistic basis of aposematic markings; that is, 'what makes an effective warning signal?', and the efficacy of warning signals has been neglected. Furthermore, unlike other areas of adaptive coloration research (such as camouflage and mate choice), studies of warning coloration have often been slow to address predator vision and psychology. Here, we review the current understanding of warning signal form, with an aim to comprehend the diversity of warning signals in nature. We present hypotheses and suggestions for future work regarding our current understanding of several inter-related questions covering the form of warning signals and their relationship with predator vision, learning, and links to broader issues in evolutionary ecology such as mate choice and speciation.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Canadian Journal of Zoology
                Can. J. Zool.
                Canadian Science Publishing
                0008-4301
                1480-3283
                July 2016
                July 2016
                : 94
                : 7
                : 497-503
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Instituto de Ecorregiones Andinas (INECOA), Universidad Nacional de Jujuy–CONICET, Avenida Bolivia 1711 (4600), Jujuy, Argentina.
                [2 ]Instituto de Ciencias Básicas, Facultad de Filosofía Humanidades y Artes, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Avenida José Ignacio de la Roza 230 (5400), San Juan, Argentina.
                Article
                10.1139/cjz-2015-0197
                aec2bb91-f018-41c1-aaaf-fa5597a4563d
                © 2016

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