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      Rhadinorhynchus oligospinosus n. sp. (Acanthocephala, Rhadinorhynchidae) from mackerels in the Pacific Ocean off Peru and related rhadinorhynchids in the Pacific, with notes on metal analysis Translated title: Rhadinorhynchus oligospinosus n. sp. (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) des maquereaux de l’Océan Pacifique au large du Pérou et Rhadinorhynchidae apparentés du Pacifique, avec notes sur l’analyse des métaux

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      EDP Sciences
      Acanthocephala, Rhadinorhynchus oligospinosus n. sp., Peru, Pacific mackerels, Description, EDAX analysis

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          Abstract

          Specimens of a new species of Rhadinorhynchus Lühe, 1911 are described from the chub mackerel Scomber japonicus (Scombridae) and the Chilean Jack mackerel Trachurus murphyi (Carangidae) (possibly a subspecies of Trachurus symmetricus) from the Pacific Ocean off the Peruvian coast at the Port of Chicama, La Libertad. Specimens of Rhadinorhynchus oligospinosus n. sp. are somewhat small having 11–14 rows of alternating proboscis hooks with 20–22 hooks each with posteriormost hooks in a continuous ring. Ventral hooks are robust with prominent roots but dorsal hooks are slender and shorter with discoid roots. Trunk spines are in two zones separated by a non-spiny region. Anterior trunk spines are in 2–3 complete circles but posterior spines are only ventral and lateral, and do not extend posterior to the level of the posterior end of the proboscis receptacle in both sexes. The new species is closest to Rhadinorhynchus seriolae (Yamaguti, 1963) Golvan, 1969 found in Japanese and Australian waters, but not as close to 19 other species found in the same Pacific waters off Australia, Japan, and Vietnam. In R. seriolae, posterior trunk spines extend well past the receptacle in females, among other diagnostic differences. Proboscis hooks of the new species were analyzed for chemical elements using X-ray in conjunction with EDAX (energy-dispersive analysis for X-ray) software; sulfur had a higher concentration at the edge than the middle of cut hooks.

          Translated abstract

          Des spécimens d’une nouvelle espèce de Rhadinorhynchus Lühe, 1911 sont décrits chez le maquereau Scomber japonicus (Scombridae) et le Chinchard du Chili Trachurus murphyi (Carangidae) (éventuellement une sous-espèce de Trachurus symmetricus) de l’océan Pacifique au large de la côte du Pérou, Port de Chicama, La Libertad. Les spécimens de Rhadinorhynchus oligospinosus n. sp. sont assez petits, avec 11-14 rangées de crochets de proboscis alternés avec 20-22 crochets chacune avec des crochets postérieurs dans un anneau continu. Les crochets ventraux sont robustes avec des racines importantes, mais les crochets dorsaux sont minces et plus courts avec des racines discoïdes. Les épines du tronc sont dans deux zones séparées par une région non épineuse. Les épines du tronc antérieur sont en 2-3 cercles complets, mais les épines postérieures ne sont que ventrales et latérales et ne s’étendent pas plus en arrière que le niveau de l’extrémité postérieure du réceptacle de proboscis chez les deux sexes. La nouvelle espèce est proche de Rhadinorhynchus seriolae (Yamaguti, 1963) Golvan, 1969, trouvée dans les eaux japonaises et australiennes, mais moins proche de 19 autres espèces trouvées dans les eaux du Pacifique au large de l’Australie, du Japon et du Vietnam. Chez R. seriolae, les épines postérieures du tronc s’étendent bien au-delà du réceptacle chez les femelles, entre autres différences diagnostiques. Les crochets du proboscis de la nouvelle espèce ont été analysés pour des éléments chimiques utilisant des rayons X en conjonction avec le logiciel EDAX (Analyse d’Énergie Dispersive pour Rayons X); le soufre a une concentration plus élevée au bord qu’au milieu des crochets découpés.

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          Most cited references36

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          Classification of the acanthocephala.

          O Amin (2013)
          In 1985, Amin presented a new system for the classification of the Acanthocephala in Crompton and Nickol's (1985) book 'Biology of the Acanthocephala' and recognized the concepts of Meyer (1931, 1932, 1933) and Van Cleave (1936, 1941, 1947, 1948, 1949, 1951, 1952). This system became the standard for the taxonomy of this group and remains so to date. Many changes have taken place and many new genera and species, as well as higher taxa, have been described since. An updated version of the 1985 scheme incorporating new concepts in molecular taxonomy, gene sequencing and phylogenetic studies is presented. The hierarchy has undergone a total face lift with Amin's (1987) addition of a new class, Polyacanthocephala (and a new order and family) to remove inconsistencies in the class Palaeacanthocephala. Amin and Ha (2008) added a third order (and a new family) to the Palaeacanthocephala, Heteramorphida, which combines features from the palaeacanthocephalan families Polymorphidae and Heteracanthocephalidae. Other families and subfamilies have been added but some have been eliminated, e.g. the three subfamilies of Arythmacanthidae: Arhythmacanthinae Yamaguti, 1935; Neoacanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1960; and Paracanthocephaloidinae Golvan, 1969. Amin (1985) listed 22 families, 122 genera and 903 species (4, 4 and 14 families; 13, 28 and 81 genera; 167, 167 and 569 species in Archiacanthocephala, Eoacanthocephala and Palaeacanthocephala, respectively). The number of taxa listed in the present treatment is 26 families (18% increase), 157 genera (29%), and 1298 species (44%) (4, 4 and 16; 18, 29 and 106; 189, 255 and 845, in the same order), which also includes 1 family, 1 genus and 4 species in the class Polyacanthocephala Amin, 1987, and 3 genera and 5 species in the fossil family Zhijinitidae.
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            Revisión bibliográfica de especies ectoparásitas y hospedadoras de sistemas acuáticos de Chile

            Actualmente existen cerca de 380 publicaciones científicas referidas a parásitos eumetazoos obtenidos de animales acuáticos recolectados a lo largo de Chile. Sin embargo, esta literatura está dispersa en distintas fuentes bibliográficas; algunas con más de un siglo de antigüedad. Pocos intentos se han dirigido para resumir esta información en listados que indiquen las especies parásitas y hospedadoras, además de las fuentes bibliográficas que las contienen. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo confeccionar un listado, basado en una revisión bibliográfica, de las especies de ectoparásitos eumetazoos de organismos acuáticos registrados en Chile. Se incluyen hospedadores invertebrados y vertebrados que tienen relación con sistemas acuáticos, de ambientes continentales (e.g., ríos, lagos, lagunas, salares, arroyos) y marinos (e.g., estuarios, zona litoral y mar abierto). De este listado se obtuvo un registro de 215 especies ectoparásitas, además de otros 44 registros de especies identificadas a nivel de género o simplemente no identificadas. Estos registros fueron obtenidos de 172 especies hospedadoras, siendo en su mayoría peces marinos. Esta revisión bibliográfica se basó en 182 artículos publicados en Chile y en el extranjero
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              Redescription of Rhadinorhynchus ornatus (Acanthocephala: Rhadinorhynchidae) from skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis, collected in the Pacific Ocean off South America, with special reference to new morphological features.

              Adults of Rhadinorhynchus ornatus Van Cleave, 1918 were collected from the small intestine of skipjack tuna, Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus), in the high seas of the Pacific Ocean off the west coast of South America (new parasite locality record) and described using optical microscopy and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Our specimens were somewhat comparable to those described from North America and Japan, but had more trunk spines. Definitive differences between the length and thickness of each of the dorsal and ventral proboscis hooks are noted for the first time, with most ventral middle hooks being relatively shorter and more robust than dorsal middle hooks. The SEM documented, for the first time, the different surface topography of the tegument in the proboscis, the neck, and in 3 trunk regions; the presence of microtrichs in the mid- and posterior trunk regions; the elevated base of trunk spines; the circular arrangement of basal proboscis hooks; the different morphology of all dorsal and ventral proboscis hooks and the striations of their surface; the ribbed surface topography of eggs; the elevated slit-like female gonopore; and the rimmed edge of the bursa. The presence of microtrichs on the tegumental surface is further supported by transmission electron microscopy studies. This is the first report of microtrichs in any species of Acanthocephala and the second report of striations in proboscis hooks. The geographical distribution of R. ornatus appears to correspond, at least in part, to that of its epipelagic primary host, K. pelamis, throughout the world in waters ranging in temperature from 14.7 to 30 C.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Parasite
                Parasite
                parasite
                Parasite
                EDP Sciences
                1252-607X
                1776-1042
                2017
                08 June 2017
                : 24
                : ( publisher-idID: parasite/2017/01 )
                : 19
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Parasitic Diseases 11445 E. Via Linda # 2-419 Scottsdale AZ 85259 USA
                [2 ] Department of Biology, Brigham Young University Provo UT 84602 USA
                Author notes
                Article
                parasite170054 10.1051/parasite/2017022
                10.1051/parasite/2017022
                5467225
                28593837
                aec5bfe0-9871-41b7-91d1-5e3dea402d25
                © O.M. Amin et al., published by EDP Sciences, 2017

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 24 April 2017
                : 20 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 6, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Research Article

                acanthocephala,rhadinorhynchus oligospinosus n. sp.,peru,pacific mackerels,description,edax analysis

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