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      Athletic retirement: factors contributing to sleep and mental health problems

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          Abstract

          Introduction

          The aim of this investigation was to determine which factors were associated with symptoms of sleep and mental health disorders in former athletes.

          Methods

          Former athletes (N = 173, 50% women) who retired from any competition level within the last 20 years participated in an online survey. The survey consisted of the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Personal Wellbeing Index-Adult (PWI-A), Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale-Revised (CESD-R), and Generalised Anxiety Disorder Assessment (GAD-7).

          Results

          Binary logistic regressions revealed that both age (OR = 0.95 [95% CI:0.92, 0.99], p = 0.007) and gender (OR = 2.28 [95% CI:1.09, 4.79], p = 0.029) were associated with anxiety, with women and younger ex-athletes presenting greater risk of anxiety symptoms. Higher body mass was associated with an increased risk for sleep difficulty (OR = 1.13 [95% CI:1.03, 1.23], p = 0.008), sleep disordered breathing (OR = 1.20 [95% CI:1.10, 1.30], p < 0.001), and compromised wellbeing (OR = 0.89 [95% CI:0.83, 0.96], p = 0.001). Athletes who subjectively placed a lower priority on sport while competing presented greater risk of sleep disordered breathing (OR = 2.00[95% CI:1.05, 3.80], p = 0.035). No associations between recency retirement and any outcome measures were observed.

          Discussion

          Findings suggest potential predictive factors for difficulty transitioning out of sport. Future longitudinal research should consider the interplay between sport re-engagement and the incidence and chronicity of sleep and mental health disorders.

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          Most cited references68

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          A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

          Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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            World Medical Association Declaration of Helsinki: ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.

            (2013)
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              Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework

              Throughout the sport-science and sports-medicine literature, the term “elite” subjects might be one of the most overused and ill-defined terms. Currently, there is no common perspective or terminology to characterize the caliber and training status of an individual or cohort. This paper presents a 6-tiered Participant Classification Framework whereby all individuals across a spectrum of exercise backgrounds and athletic abilities can be classified. The Participant Classification Framework uses training volume and performance metrics to classify a participant to one of the following: Tier 0: Sedentary; Tier 1: Recreationally Active; Tier 2: Trained/Developmental; Tier 3: Highly Trained/National Level; Tier 4: Elite/International Level; or Tier 5: World Class. We suggest the Participant Classification Framework can be used to classify participants both prospectively (as part of study participant recruitment) and retrospectively (during systematic reviews and/or meta-analyses). Discussion around how the Participant Classification Framework can be tailored toward different sports, athletes, and/or events has occurred, and sport-specific examples provided. Additional nuances such as depth of sport participation, nationality differences, and gender parity within a sport are all discussed. Finally, chronological age with reference to the junior and masters athlete, as well as the Paralympic athlete, and their inclusion within the Participant Classification Framework has also been considered. It is our intention that this framework be widely implemented to systematically classify participants in research featuring exercise, sport, performance, health, and/or fitness outcomes going forward, providing the much-needed uniformity to classification practices.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1662944/overviewRole: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role: Role:
                URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/2625028/overviewRole: Role:
                URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1513725/overviewRole: Role:
                URI : http://loop.frontiersin.org/people/1244762/overviewRole: Role:
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                15 March 2024
                2024
                : 15
                : 1350925
                Affiliations
                [1] 1College of Education, Psychology and Social Work, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA, Australia
                [2] 2Sport, Health, Activity, Performance and Exercise (SHAPE) Research Centre, Flinders University , Bedford Park, SA, Australia
                [3] 3Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (FHMRI) Sleep Health , Bedford Park, SA, Australia
                [4] 4School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, SA, Australia
                Author notes

                Edited by: Mohamed Romdhani, Université Paris Nanterre, France

                Reviewed by: Eric Hall, Elon University, United States

                Verónica Morales-Sánchez, Universidad de Málaga, Spain

                Maher Souabni, Université de Toulon, France

                *Correspondence: Ashley Montero, ashley.montero@ 123456flinders.edu.au
                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1350925
                10978592
                38558779
                aeec4d4b-30d8-4f80-9a1e-fd9e1356ff95
                Copyright © 2024 Montero, Baranoff, Adams and Drummond.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 07 December 2023
                : 26 February 2024
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 69, Pages: 10, Words: 7312
                Funding
                The author(s) declare that no financial support was received for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research
                Custom metadata
                Movement Science

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                sport,anxiety,depression,gender,recency of retirement,sleep disorders
                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                sport, anxiety, depression, gender, recency of retirement, sleep disorders

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