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      Neuromonitoreo intraoperatorio en reconstrucción del plexo braquial. Serie de casos Translated title: Intraoperative electrophysiological monitoring in brachial plexus reconstructive surgery

      case-report

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción y objetivo. Introducción y objetivo. Las lesiones del plexo braquial tienen alto impacto en la persona y su entorno, con gran pérdida funcional. Estos pacientes requieren un manejo multidisciplinario, evaluación clínica completa, que se complementa con estudios de neurofisiología, imagenología o ambos. En las últimas décadas se han logrado avances en el tratamiento quirúrgico del plexo braquial, se ha propuesto el uso del neumoronitoreo intraoperatorio (NMIO) como herramienta útil en la exploración y toma de decisiones individualizadas en su reconstrucción primaria. Nuestro objetivo es describir la experiencia del uso de diferentes modalidades de NMIO en pacientes adultos con lesiones del plexo braquial en el Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Material y método. Serie de casos, revisión de los registros del Servicio de Cirugía de la Mano y Microcirugía, videos e imágenes preoperatorias tomados por el cirujano, y hallazgos descritos en el informe del NMIO de pacientes adultos con lesiones de plexo braquial operados en el periodo de estudio. Resultados. Catorce pacientes sometidos a reconstrucción de plexo braquial con NMIO durante el periodo de estudio: 11 hombres (78%) y 3 mujeres (22%); lateralidad derecha 9 (65%) e izquierda 5 (35%). Rango de edad de 19 a los 62 años (media 33 años). La principal etiología fue accidente de tránsito (motocicleta). Respecto a las modalidades usadas, en todos los pacientes se utilizó estimulación eléctrica directa y electromiografía estimulada; en 9 pacientes (64%) se midió potenciales evocados somatosensoriales y en 8 (57%) se midió potenciales evocados motores transcraneales. Conclusiones. En las lesiones del plexo braquial, los estudios electrofisiológicos en el intraoperatorio permiten clasificar el estado de los nervios afectados y definir el mejor procedimiento quirúrgico reconstructivo, sin un aumento en el tiempo operatorio.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Background and objective. Brachial plexus injuries are devastating lesions for the patient and their environment, with great functional loss. They require multidisciplinary management, complete clinical evaluation and complementary neurophysiological studies, imaging studies or both. In recent decades, the use of intraoperative neuromonitoring has been proposed as a useful tool for brachial plexus surgery, and helps to individualize decision-making in primary reconstruction of brachial plexus injuries. We describe the experience using different modalities of intraoperative neuromonitoring in patients with brachial plexus injuries in Hospital Universitario San José y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá, Colombia. Methods. Retrospective case series, conducted using electronic medical data from Hand Surgery and Microsurgery services, videos and preoperative images taken by the surgeon, and findings described in the report of intraoperative neurophysiological monitoring, of patients with brachial plexus injuries operated in the study period. Results. Fourteen patients underwent brachial plexus reconstruction using intraoperative neuromonitoring during the study period: 11 male (78%) and 3 female (22%); 9 (65%) right upper extremity injuries and 5 (35%) left. Age ranged from 19 to 62 years old (average of 33 years). Main etiology was motorcyclist accident. Direct electrical stimulation and stimulated electromyography were used in all patients. Somatosensory evoked potentials were measured in 9 (64%) patients, and transcranial motor evoked potentials were measured in 8 (57%) patients. Conclusions. In brachial plexus injuries, intraoperative electrophysiological studies allow better classification of nerve injuries and provide an optimal individualized surgical management, without increasing operative time.

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          Most cited references19

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          Evaluation and management of peripheral nerve injury.

          Common etiologies of acute traumatic peripheral nerve injury (TPNI) include penetrating injury, crush, stretch, and ischemia. Management of TPNI requires familiarity with the relevant anatomy, pathology, pathophysiology, and the surgical principles, approaches and concerns. Surgical repair of TPNI is done at varying time intervals after the injury, and there are a number of considerations in deciding whether and when to operate. In neurapraxia, the compound muscle and nerve action potentials on stimulating distal to the lesion are maintained indefinitely; stimulation above the lesion reveals partial or complete conduction block. The picture in axonotmesis and neurotmesis depends on the time since injury. The optimal timing for an electrodiagnostic study depends upon the clinical question being asked. Although conventional teaching usually holds that an electrodiagnostic study should not be done until about 3 weeks after the injury, in fact a great deal of important information can be obtained by studies done in the first week. Proximal nerve injuries are problematic because the long distance makes it difficult to reinnervate distal muscles before irreversible changes occur. Decision making regarding exploration must occur more quickly, and exploration using intraoperative nerve action potential recording to guide the choice of surgical procedure is often useful.
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            This article reviews the epidemiology and classification of traumatic peripheral nerve injuries, the effects of these injuries on nerve and muscle, and how electrodiagnosis is used to help classify the injury. Mechanisms of recovery are also reviewed. Motor and sensory nerve conduction studies, needle electromyography, and other electrophysiological methods are particularly useful for localizing peripheral nerve injuries, detecting and quantifying the degree of axon loss, and contributing toward treatment decisions as well as prognostication. Copyright 2000 American Association of Electrodiagnostic Medicine. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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              Wallerian degeneration in human nerves: serial electrophysiological studies.

              After nerve transection, the distal stump undergoes Wallerian degeneration (WD). Little information is available concerning sequential changes in nerve conduction measurements during WD in humans. Five patients with nerve injuries were studied temporally. Motor-evoked amplitudes were reduced by 50% at 3 to 5 days after injury; the response was absent by day 9. Sensory-evoked amplitudes were reduced by 50% at 7 days after injury; the response was absent by day 11. Sensory and motor nerves with shorter distal stumps showed earlier loss of amplitude than did those with longer distal stumps. Denervation potentials were seen 10 to 14 days after injury. Our results suggest that WD occurs earlier if the distal stump is shorter, and that motor-evoked responses are affected earlier than sensory-evoked responses. The time-lag between the loss of the motor-evoked response and the appearance of denervation potentials, the latter coinciding with reduction of sensory evoked responses, suggests that failure of neuromuscular transmission precedes axonal loss during WD.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                cpil
                Cirugía Plástica Ibero-Latinoamericana
                Cir. plást. iberolatinoam.
                Sociedad Española de Cirugía Plástica, Reparadora y Estética (SECPRE) (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0376-7892
                1989-2055
                March 2022
                : 48
                : 1
                : 103-112
                Affiliations
                [1] Bogotá orgnameHospital San José de Bogotá y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá Colombia
                [3] Bogotá orgnameHospital San José de Bogotá y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá Colombia
                [4] Bogotá orgnameHospital San José de Bogotá y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá Colombia
                [2] Bogotá orgnameHospital San José de Bogotá y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá Colombia
                [5] Bogotá orgnameHospital San José de Bogotá y Hospital Universitario San José Infantil de Bogotá Colombia
                Article
                S0376-78922022000100103 S0376-7892(22)04800100103
                10.4321/s0376-78922022000100013
                aef404bd-f41f-4a58-bbba-3a0a12ed6856

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 20 January 2022
                : 08 February 2022
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 19, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Miembro Superior

                Peripheral nerve injuries,Potenciales evocados,Electrofisiología,Lesión nervio periférico,Plexo braquial,Evoked potentials,Electrophysiology,Brachial plexus

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