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      Consentimiento informado y directivas anticipadas: análisis comparado de la legislación en América Latina Translated title: Informed consent and living wills: comparative analysis of the legislation in Latin America Translated title: Consentiment informat i directives anticipades: anàlisi comparada de la legislació a Amèrica Llatina

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivos: Describir la forma en que se establecen normativamente el consentimiento informado (CI) y las directivas anticipadas (DA) en países latinoamericanos en relación a la asistencia en salud y la investigación, y su análisis desde la bioética. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis comparativo de las normativas vigentes de los 21 países latinoamericanos respecto al CI y las DA. Se confeccionaron reportes de extracción de datos que fueron diseñados antes de iniciar el proceso de investigación para cada país. Se analizaron cualitativamente similitudes y diferencias respecto a variables predefinidas. Se realizaron tablas para sintetizar la información donde fue posible. Resultados: Dieciocho países latinoamericanos prevén una norma específica para el uso del CI en el ámbito clínico. Seis países han incorporado normativas respecto al uso del CI en la virtualidad. Respecto al uso del CI en investigación, 20 países latinoamericanos prevén una norma específica para este ámbito. En el caso de la exposición académica, son 6 países los que nombran esta situación en la normativa. Siete países latinoamericanos cuentan con normativa para establecer DA. Conclusiones: América Latina ha presentado una notable evolución en torno a normar dos de los más importantes instrumentos del ejercicio de la autonomía, como los son el CI y las DA. La legislación sobre ambos instrumentos no garantiza mayor autonomía en salud, pero su existencia como reguladora de acciones para la toma de decisiones constituye el primer paso para su ejercicio.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objectives: To describe how informed consent (IC) and living wills (LW) are legally established in Latin American countries in relation to health care and research, and to analyse that from bioethics. Methods: A comparative analysis of the current regulations of the 21 Latin American countries regarding CI and LW was carried out. Data extraction reports were prepared before starting the research process for each country. Similarities and differences were qualitatively analyzed according to predefined variables. Tables were made to synthesize the information where possible. Results: Eighteen Latin American countries provide a specific criteria for IC use in clinical setting. Six countries have incorporated regulations regarding the use of IC in virtually environment. Regarding the use of IC in research, 20 Latin American countries provide a specific regulation. In the case of the academic exposure, 6 countries name this situation in their regulations. Seven Latin American countries have regulations to establish LW. Conclusions: Latin America has presented a notable evolution around regulating two of the most important instruments of the exercise of autonomy, such as the CI and the DA. The legislation on both instruments does not guarantee that there is greater autonomy in health, but its existence as a regulator of actions for decision-making constitutes the first step for its exercise.

          Translated abstract

          Resum Objectius: Descriure la manera com s'estableixen normativament el consentiment informat (CI) i les directives anticipades (DA) en països llatinoamericans en relació amb l'assistència en salut i la investigació, i la seva anàlisi des de la bioètica. Mètodes: Es va realitzar una anàlisi comparativa de les normatives vigents dels 21 països llatinoamericans respecte al CI i les DA. Es van confeccionar reports d'extracció de dades que van ser dissenyats abans d'iniciar el procés de recerca per a cada país. Es van analitzar qualitativament similituds i diferències respecte de variables predefinides. Es van fer taules per sintetitzar la informació on va ser possible. Resultats: Divuit països llatinoamericans preveuen una norma específica per a l'ús del CI a l'àmbit clínic. Sis països han incorporat normatives respecte a l'ús del CI a la virtualitat. Pel que fa a l'ús del CI en investigació, 20 països llatinoamericans preveuen una norma específica per a aquest àmbit. En el cas de l'exposició acadèmica, són 6 països els que nomenen aquesta situació a la normativa. Set països llatinoamericans tenen normativa per establir DA. Conclusions: Amèrica Llatina ha presentat una notable evolució al voltant de normar dos dels instruments més importants de l'exercici de l'autonomia, com els són el CI i les DA. La legislació sobre tots dos instruments no garanteix més autonomia en salut, però la seva existència com a reguladora d'accions per a la presa de decisions constitueix el primer pas per al seu exercici.

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          Most cited references40

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          Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos

          (1948)
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            Informed consent and the readability of the written consent form

            Introduction The aim of this study was to objectively ascertain the level of readability of standardised consent forms for orthopaedic procedures. Methods Standardised consent forms (both in summary and detailed formats) endorsed by the British Orthopaedic Association (BOA) were retrieved from orthoconsent.com and assessed for readability. This involved using an online tool to calculate the validated Flesch reading ease score (FRES). This was compared with the FRES for the National Health Service (NHS) Consent Form 1. Data were analysed and interpreted according to the FRES grading table. Results The FRES for Consent Form 1 was 55.6, relating to the literacy expected of an A level student. The mean FRES for the BOA summary consent forms ( n =27) was 63.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 61.2–66.0) while for the detailed consent forms ( n =32), it was 68.9 (95% CI: 67.7–70.0). All BOA detailed forms scored >60, correlating to the literacy expected of a 13–15-year-old. The detailed forms had a higher FRES than the summary forms ( p <0.001). Conclusions This study demonstrates that the BOA endorsed standardised consent forms are much easier to read and understand than the NHS Consent Form 1, with the detailed BOA forms being the easiest to read. Despite this, owing to varying literacy levels, a significant proportion of patients may struggle to give informed consent based on the written information provided to them.
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              Conducting research in developing countries: experiences of the informed consent process from community studies in Peru.

              This article discusses the process for obtaining genuine informed consent for the participation of human subjects in research in developing countries. We discuss the consent process in the light of recently published guidelines, the experience of nutrition and health research projects, and the ethics review process of the Instituto de Investigacion Nutricional with peri-urban and rural populations in Peru. We discuss the cultural context in relation to (i) who should be involved in the decision for participation, especially for research in children and in community settings; (ii) when to use written or verbal consent; (iii) the format and presentation of the consent form to ensure understanding by the target population; and (iv) the process of how and by whom information is given and consent is obtained. Common concerns of participants with regard to their involvement in research studies are presented, as well as aspects that participants find difficult to understand. Some specific concerns of conducting research with Indigenous Peoples are discussed. We recommend future research to further understand and implement informed consent processes to assure genuine and voluntary consent in different developing country contexts.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bioetica
                Revista de Bioética y Derecho
                Rev. Bioética y Derecho
                Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1886-5887
                2023
                : 58
                : 25-44
                Affiliations
                [5] orgnameHospital Interzonal Especializado Materno Infantil Argentina
                [8] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [2] orgnamePontificia Universidad Católica Argentina Argentina
                [1] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [3] Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata Argentina
                [13] orgnameUniversidad Nacional del Comahue Argentina
                [7] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [14] Buenos Aires orgnameConsejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas Argentina
                [11] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [10] orgnameUniversidad de San Martín de Porres Peru
                [12] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [6] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [9] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                [4] orgnamePrograma de Bioética, FLACSO sede Argentina Argentina
                Article
                S1886-58872023000200003 S1886-5887(23)00005800003
                10.1344/rbd2023.58.41678
                aefd75df-2311-4249-a185-ad4c020c0660

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 31 December 2022
                : 16 March 2023
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 40, Pages: 20
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                SciELO Spain

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                legislation,bioethics,personal autonomy,advance directives,informed consent,Amèrica Llatina,legislació,bioètica,autonomia personal,directives anticipades,consentiment informat,América Latina,legislación,bioética,autonomía personal,directivas anticipadas,consentimiento informado,Latin America

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