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      Ectopic thyroid tissue in the head and neck: a case series

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          Abstract

          Background

          Through a review of three cases, the etiopathogenetic, clinical-diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects of ectopic thyroid tissue are herein discussed to highlight the main presentations of this polymorphous disease.

          Case presentations

          The first case involved an ectopic thyroid gland in the lingual area in a 45-year-old Caucasian woman who presented with dysphagia and midline swelling at the base of the tongue. The second case involved a 22-year-old Caucasian woman with a submandibular mass comprising ectopic thyroid tissue. The third case involved a 33-year-old Caucasian man with a typical thyroglossal duct cyst characterized by the presence of thyroid tissue upon histological analysis.

          Conclusion

          Surgery seems to be the most appropriate treatment for patients with ectopic thyroid tissue showing clinical signs of upper airway obstruction or when the lesion shows signs of infection or malignant degeneration. When a site of ectopic thyroid tissue is the only such site in the body, removal of this tissue will usually lead to hypothyroidism that requires medical thyroid hormone replacement.

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          Most cited references44

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          Lingual thyroid causing dysphagia and dyspnoea. Case reports and review of the literature.

          Lingual thyroid is a rare embryological anomaly and originates from failure of the thyroid gland to descend from the foramen caecum to its normal eutopic pre-laryngeal site. The ectopic gland located at the base of the tongue is often asymptomatic but may cause local symptoms such as dysphagia, dysphonia with stomatolalia, upper airway obstruction and haemorrhage, often with hypothyroidism. Two cases are presented, one in a 62-year-old female and the other in a 42-year-old female, both of whom complained of sensation of a foreign body and progressive dysphagia and dyspnoea caused by ectopic lingual thyroid. Treatment was performed with a partial endoscopic removal and an external cervical approach, followed by substitutive hormone treatment, respectively. Diagnostic procedures and therapeutic options are discussed and a review has been made of reports of lingual thyroid appearing in the literature.
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            Thyroid gland ectopias.

            Failures of descent of the medial anlage of the thyroid and incomplete obliteration of its vertical tract lead to midline or near-midline ectopias such as lingual thyroid and thyroglossal cysts. Each poses special diagnostic and therapeutic considerations. "Ectopias" of the thyroid gland lateral to the carotid artery and jugular vein, however, cannot be readily explained by current embryological information. In these instances, and especially for intranodal thyroid tissue, a metastasis from an occult thyroid primary is the mandatory first consideration.
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              Ectopic lingual thyroid.

              John Sauk (1970)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                acroce@unich.it
                mara.pugliese84@hotmail.it
                melissa.laus@hotmail.it
                dr.adestefano@gmail.com
                cesare.mantini@gmail.com
                Journal
                BMC Res Notes
                BMC Res Notes
                BMC Research Notes
                BioMed Central (London )
                1756-0500
                6 November 2014
                6 November 2014
                2014
                : 7
                : 1
                : 790
                Affiliations
                [ ]Department of Medical Oral Sciences, and Biotechnology, Section of Otolaryngology, “G. D’Annunzio” University, Chieti - Pescara, Italy
                [ ]Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Chieti, Via dei Vestini 5, Chieti, 66013 Italy
                [ ]Department of Neuroscience and Imaging, Section of Diagnostic Imaging and Therapy – Radiology Division, “G. d’Annunzio” University, Chieti - Pescara, Italy
                Article
                3310
                10.1186/1756-0500-7-790
                4233051
                25376176
                af0e90c4-d386-4464-bd75-e2cfbacc4668
                © Adelchi et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd. 2014

                This article is published under license to BioMed Central Ltd. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly credited. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 27 February 2014
                : 28 October 2014
                Categories
                Case Report
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2014

                Medicine
                thyroid gland,ectopic thyroid tissue,surgery
                Medicine
                thyroid gland, ectopic thyroid tissue, surgery

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