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      Comparative Analysis of Potential Risk Factors for at-Risk Gambling, Problem Gambling and Gambling Disorder among Current Gamblers—Results of the Austrian Representative Survey 2015

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          Abstract

          Background: The risk of developing a problem gambling behavior is distributed unequally among the population. For example, individuals who report stressful life events, show impairments of mental health or belong to a socio-economically deprived group are affected more frequently by gambling problems. The aim of our study is to investigate whether these risk factors are equally relevant for all gambling groups (social = 0 DSM-5 criteria, at risk = 1 DSM-5 criterion, problem = 2–3 DSM-5 criteria, disordered = 4–9 DSM-5 criteria).

          Methods: Of a total of 10,000 participants in the representative gambling survey in Austria in 2015, 4,082 individuals reported gambling during the last 12 months and were allocated to the four gambling groups according to DSM-5. With social gamblers as the reference group, relevant risk factors for the other three groups were identified by means of bi- and multivariate multinomial logistic regression.

          Results: Significant risk factors for gambling disorder are at-risk alcohol use (OR = 4.9), poor mental health (OR = 5.9), young age (≤26 years, OR = 2.1), a low level of formal education (OR = 2.4), having grown up with a single parent (OR = 2.5), parents with addiction problems (OR = 2.3) and belonging to the working class (OR = 2.9). Risk factors for problem gambling are parents with addiction problems (OR = 3.8), poor mental health (OR = 2.6) and a young age (OR = 2.2). With regard to at-risk gambling, only growing up with a single parent was relevant (OR = 2.4).

          Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study suggest, that the number and the influence of the included risk factors differ between gambling problem groups. Apparently, the development of severe gambling problems is to a lesser extent facilitated by specific risk factors than by their cumulative presence. Therefore, future prevention and treatment measures should place a particular focus on individuals who have experienced growing up in a difficult family situation, have poor mental health, suffer from substance-related problems or have a low level of formal education.

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          Most cited references40

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          Screening for mental health: validity of the MHI-5 using DSM-IV Axis I psychiatric disorders as gold standard

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            The effects of race/ethnicity, income, and family structure on adolescent risk behaviors.

            The study examined the unique and combined contributions of race/ethnicity, income, and family structure to adolescent cigarette smoking, alcohol use, involvement with violence, suicidal thoughts or attempts, and sexual intercourse. Analyses were based on the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. A nationally representative sample of 7th to 12th graders participated in in-home interviews, as did a resident parent for 85.6% of the adolescent subjects. The final sample included 10,803 White, Black, and Hispanic 7th to 12th graders. White adolescents were more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, and attempt suicide in the younger years than were Black and Hispanic youths. Black youths were more likely to have had sexual intercourse; both Black and Hispanic youths were more likely than White teens to engage in violence. Controlling for gender, race/ethnicity, income, and family structure together explained no more than 10% of the variance in each of the 5 risk behaviors among younger adolescents and no more than 7% among older youths. Findings suggest that when taken together, race/ethnicity, income, and family structure provide only limited understanding of adolescent risk behaviors.
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              Reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of a measure of DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling.

              The purpose of this study was to measure the reliability, validity, and classification accuracy of the DSM-IV diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                14 December 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 2188
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Institute for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research (ISD), Association for Interdisciplinary Addiction and Drug Research (FISD e.V.) , Hamburg, Germany
                [2] 2Centre for Interdisciplinary Addiction Research of Hamburg University, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf , Hamburg, Germany
                [3] 3Psychiatric University Hospital Basel , Basel, Switzerland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Daníel Þór Ólason, University of Iceland, Iceland

                Reviewed by: Ulla Romild, Public Health Agency of Sweden, Sweden; Jakob Mattias Jonsson, Stockholm University, Sweden

                *Correspondence: Sven Buth s.buth@ 123456isd-hamburg.de

                This article was submitted to Psychopathology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02188
                5735080
                29312056
                af11031b-2dc2-41c1-bdfe-85aade5d65b5
                Copyright © 2017 Buth, Wurst, Thon, Lahusen and Kalke.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 20 June 2017
                : 30 November 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 49, Pages: 11, Words: 8043
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                gambling,gambling disorder,risk factors,logistic regression,austria

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