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      Prevalence and virulence gene profiling of enteroaggregative Escherichia coli in malnourished and nourished Brazilian children

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          Abstract

          The impact of enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC) infection on childhood malnutrition and inflammation has been suggested, regardless of diarrhea. We investigated whether EAEC and its virulence-related genes (VRGs) are associated with malnutrition in a case–control study. Children aged 6–24 months from Brazil were enrolled as malnourished if weight-for-age Z-score (WAZ) ≤ −2 and nourished if WAZ > −1. Stools were cultured and examined for E. coli. DNA was extracted from fecal isolates and tested for EAEC by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Positive samples were analyzed by 5 multiplex PCRs to identify 20 EAEC VRGs. Biomarkers of intestinal barrier function and inflammation were measured. The prevalence of EAEC was 39.94%. Samples that presented both aaiC and aatA genes were associated with malnutrition ( P = 0.045). A high prevalence of VRGs was observed and the aafC gene was significantly associated with malnourished ( P = 0.0101). Strains lacking aar and pic genes were associated with malnutrition ( P = 0.018), while the concomitant presence of aar, pic, agg4A, and capU genes was associated with nourished ( P = 0.031). These data reinforce the EAEC impact on malnutrition, the importance of aar as negative regulator and the great contribution of AAF/II fimbria for the pathobiology of EAEC.

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          At the crossroads of bacterial metabolism and virulence factor synthesis in Staphylococci.

          Greg Somerville, Richard Proctor (2009)
          Bacteria live in environments that are subject to rapid changes in the availability of the nutrients that are necessary to provide energy and biosynthetic intermediates for the synthesis of macromolecules. Consequently, bacterial survival depends on the ability of bacteria to regulate the expression of genes coding for enzymes required for growth in the altered environment. In pathogenic bacteria, adaptation to an altered environment often includes activating the transcription of virulence genes; hence, many virulence genes are regulated by environmental and nutritional signals. Consistent with this observation, the regulation of most, if not all, virulence determinants in staphylococci is mediated by environmental and nutritional signals. Some of these external signals can be directly transduced into a regulatory response by two-component regulators such as SrrAB; however, other external signals require transduction into intracellular signals. Many of the external environmental and nutritional signals that regulate virulence determinant expression can also alter bacterial metabolic status (e.g., iron limitation). Altering the metabolic status results in the transduction of external signals into intracellular metabolic signals that can be "sensed" by regulatory proteins (e.g., CodY, Rex, and GlnR). This review uses information derived primarily using Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli to articulate how gram-positive pathogens, with emphasis on Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, regulate virulence determinant expression in response to a changing environment.
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            Chaperone-Usher Fimbriae of Escherichia coli

            Daniël Wurpel, Scott Beatson, Makrina Totsika … (2013)
            Chaperone-usher (CU) fimbriae are adhesive surface organelles common to many Gram-negative bacteria. Escherichia coli genomes contain a large variety of characterised and putative CU fimbrial operons, however, the classification and annotation of individual loci remains problematic. Here we describe a classification model based on usher phylogeny and genomic locus position to categorise the CU fimbrial types of E. coli. Using the BLASTp algorithm, an iterative usher protein search was performed to identify CU fimbrial operons from 35 E. coli (and one Escherichia fergusonnii) genomes representing different pathogenic and phylogenic lineages, as well as 132 Escherichia spp. plasmids. A total of 458 CU fimbrial operons were identified, which represent 38 distinct fimbrial types based on genomic locus position and usher phylogeny. The majority of fimbrial operon types occupied a specific locus position on the E. coli chromosome; exceptions were associated with mobile genetic elements. A group of core-associated E. coli CU fimbriae were defined and include the Type 1, Yad, Yeh, Yfc, Mat, F9 and Ybg fimbriae. These genes were present as intact or disrupted operons at the same genetic locus in almost all genomes examined. Evaluation of the distribution and prevalence of CU fimbrial types among different pathogenic and phylogenic groups provides an overview of group specific fimbrial profiles and insight into the ancestry and evolution of CU fimbriae in E. coli.
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              Microbiologic methods utilized in the MAL-ED cohort study.

              Eric R. Houpt, Jean Gratz, Margaret Kosek … (2014)
              A central hypothesis of The Etiology, Risk Factors and Interactions of Enteric Infections and Malnutrition and the Consequences for Child Health and Development (MAL-ED) study is that enteropathogens contribute to growth faltering. To examine this question, the MAL-ED network of investigators set out to achieve 3 goals: (1) develop harmonized protocols to test for a diverse range of enteropathogens, (2) provide quality-assured and comparable results from 8 global sites, and (3) achieve maximum laboratory throughput and minimum cost. This paper describes the rationale for the microbiologic assays chosen and methodologies used to accomplish the 3 goals.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Alexandre Havt
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis
                Title: Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease
                Publisher: Elsevier Biomedical
                ISSN (Print): 0732-8893
                ISSN (Electronic): 1879-0070
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 October 2017
                Publication date (Print): October 2017
                Volume: 89
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 98-105
                Affiliations
                [a ]Institute of Biomedicine for Brazilian Semiarid, Federal University of Ceará, 1315 Coronel Nunes de Melo, 60430-270, Fortaleza, Brazil
                [b ]Institute for the Promotion of Nutrition and Human Development, 15 Professor Carlos Lobo, 60281-740, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
                [c ]Center for Global Health & Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health and Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, 1400 W Main Street, 22908-1379, Charlottesville, VA, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. Tel.: +55-85-3366-8445. ahavtbinda@ 123456gmail.com ahavt@ 123456ufc.br
                Article
                Publisher ID: S0732-8893(17)30215-8
                DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2017.06.024
                PMC ID: 5608016
                PubMed ID: 28780245
                SO-VID: af18d960-ab88-4c7b-a3da-890079d11c94
                Copyright © © 2017 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 17 March 2017
                Date revision received : 21 June 2017
                Date accepted : 28 June 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Bacteriology

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: malnutrition,enteroaggregative e. coli,virulence profile
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: malnutrition, enteroaggregative e. coli, virulence profile

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