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      Radiations and male fertility

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          Abstract

          During recent years, an increasing percentage of male infertility has to be attributed to an array of environmental, health and lifestyle factors. Male infertility is likely to be affected by the intense exposure to heat and extreme exposure to pesticides, radiations, radioactivity and other hazardous substances. We are surrounded by several types of ionizing and non-ionizing radiations and both have recognized causative effects on spermatogenesis. Since it is impossible to cover all types of radiation sources and their biological effects under a single title, this review is focusing on radiation deriving from cell phones, laptops, Wi-Fi and microwave ovens, as these are the most common sources of non-ionizing radiations, which may contribute to the cause of infertility by exploring the effect of exposure to radiofrequency radiations on the male fertility pattern. From currently available studies it is clear that radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) have deleterious effects on sperm parameters (like sperm count, morphology, motility), affects the role of kinases in cellular metabolism and the endocrine system, and produces genotoxicity, genomic instability and oxidative stress. This is followed with protective measures for these radiations and future recommendations. The study concludes that the RF-EMF may induce oxidative stress with an increased level of reactive oxygen species, which may lead to infertility. This has been concluded based on available evidences from in vitro and in vivo studies suggesting that RF-EMF exposure negatively affects sperm quality.

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          Most cited references187

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          Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin.

          Antioxidant enzymes form the first line of defense against free radicals in organisms. Their regulation depends mainly on the oxidant status of the cell, given that oxidants are their principal modulators. However, other factors have been reported to increase antioxidant enzyme activity and/or gene expression. During the last decade, the antioxidant melatonin has been shown to possess genomic actions, regulating the expression of several genes. Melatonin also influences both antioxidant enzyme activity and cellular mRNA levels for these enzymes. In the present report, we review the studies which document the influence of melatonin on the activity and expression of the antioxidative enzymes glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutases and catalase both under physiological and under conditions of elevated oxidative stress. We also analyze the possible mechanisms by which melatonin regulates these enzymes.
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            Effect of Oxidative Stress on Male Reproduction

            Infertility affects approximately 15% of couples trying to conceive, and a male factor contributes to roughly half of these cases. Oxidative stress (OS) has been identified as one of the many mediators of male infertility by causing sperm dysfunction. OS is a state related to increased cellular damage triggered by oxygen and oxygen-derived free radicals known as reactive oxygen species (ROS). During this process, augmented production of ROS overwhelms the body's antioxidant defenses. While small amounts of ROS are required for normal sperm functioning, disproportionate levels can negatively impact the quality of spermatozoa and impair their overall fertilizing capacity. OS has been identified as an area of great attention because ROS and their metabolites can attack DNA, lipids, and proteins; alter enzymatic systems; produce irreparable alterations; cause cell death; and ultimately, lead to a decline in the semen parameters associated with male infertility. This review highlights the mechanisms of ROS production, the physiological and pathophysiological roles of ROS in relation to the male reproductive system, and recent advances in diagnostic methods; it also explores the benefits of using antioxidants in a clinical setting.
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              Carcinogenicity of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                kavindra_biotech@yahoo.co.in
                (216) 444-9485 , agarwaa@ccf.org , http://www.ClevelandClinic.Org/ReproductiveResearchCenter
                rhenkel@uwc.ac.za
                Journal
                Reprod Biol Endocrinol
                Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol
                Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology : RB&E
                BioMed Central (London )
                1477-7827
                9 December 2018
                9 December 2018
                2018
                : 16
                : 118
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000000108389418, GRID grid.5373.2, Department of Applied Physics, , Aalto University, ; Espoo, Finland
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0675 4725, GRID grid.239578.2, American Center for Reproductive Medicine, , Cleveland Clinic, ; Mail Code X-11, 10681 Carnegie Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195 USA
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2156 8226, GRID grid.8974.2, Department of Medical Bioscience, , University of the Western Cape, ; Robert Sobukwe Road, Bellville, 7535 South Africa
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0585-1026
                Article
                431
                10.1186/s12958-018-0431-1
                6240172
                30445985
                af5f9a5e-6b68-4f06-b470-74f459845de2
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 11 August 2017
                : 24 October 2018
                Categories
                Review
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                © The Author(s) 2018

                Human biology
                Human biology

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