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      Evaluación de dispositivos extracorpóreos de soporte pulmonar en adultos con insuficiencia pulmonar aguda severa

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          Abstract

          Introducción: La injuria pulmonar aguda (IPA) se asocia con altas tasas de mortalidad. El tratamiento se basa principalmente en la ventilación mecánica (VM), con distintas variantes. Los dispositivos de soporte pulmonar extracorpóreo (ECLS) pueden proporcionar suficiente intercambio gaseoso en pacientes con IPA, cuando a pesar de la optimización del tratamiento habitual persiste hipoxemia o hipercapnia con acidosis respiratoria grave. Los dispositivos pueden ser con bomba (ECMO) o sin bomba (pECLA). El uso de ECMO y pECLA están autorizados en Argentina, Reino Unido (RU) y EEUU, y en la mayoría de los países europeos. Objetivo: Evaluar si disminuye la mortalidad con el uso de dispositivos de ECLS asociados a VM contra el uso de VM solamente, en pacientes adultos con IPA aguda grave. Secundariamente, se evaluará en dichos grupos los días libres de VM al día 28, los días de estancia hospitalaria, los días de estancia en UCI, las diferencias a nivel hemodinámico y respiratorio del ECMOvv y los pECLA. Finalmente se evaluarán reportes de costo-efectividad. Método: Se efectuó una revisión sistemática en TripDataBase, Pubmed, buscadores genéricos y sitios específicos. Se buscaron políticas de cobertura. Resultados: Se hallaron 4 ECCA, 8 SC, 4 estudios secundarios, 2 evaluaciones económicas y 1 ETS. Además, se localizaron políticas de cobertura en el RU y EEUU. Conclusiones: Se evidencia reducción de mortalidad en el corto tiempo (30 días o intrahospitalaria) en comparación con VM. No se encontraron diferencias a largo plazo, en días libres de VM-28d, en estancia hospitalaria, ni en UCI. En pECLA la evidencia es de menor calidad y no hay evidencia de reducción de mortalidad. Los parámetros hemodinámicos no son modificados por el ECMOvv, ni por pECLA. ECMOav es útil en casos de inestabilidad hemodinámica. La transferencia de gas pulmonar mejora con el uso de ECLS (reducción de PaCO2 y aumento de PaO2). El mayor beneficio se encuentra en el tratamiento de la hipercapnia, para la cual pECLA parecen ser los más indicados, en relación a su menor complejidad y costo. Muchas publicaciones coinciden en tasas menores de complicaciones con pECLA vs ECMOvv, en particular con respecto a la coagulación y hemólisis. Las indicaciones deben ser estrictamente controladas y monitorizadas. Los sistemas de salud hacen especial hincapié en la derivación a centros de alto volumen y complejidad para su uso. Encontramos costo efectividad para ECMO en los sistemas de salud de EEUU y RU, con valores de USD 7.000-35.000 por año de vida o QALY ganado y de £19.252 (IC95% 7.622-59.200) para pECLA.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Acute lung injury (ALI) is associated with high mortality rates. Treatment is based on mechanical ventilation (MV). Extracorporeal lung support (ECLS) devices can provide sufficient gas exchange in patients with ALI when hypoxemia or hypercapnia persists with severe respiratory acidosis despite usual treatment. A pump can be used (ExtraCorporeal Membrane Oxigenator - ECMO) or not (pumpless ExtraCorporeal Lung Support - pECLA) towards to move blood stream in these devices. ECMO and pECLA are authorized in Argentina, UK, USA and most European countries. Objective: To evaluate decreasement in mortality with ECLS+MV vs. MV alone in adult patients with severe ALI. To evaluate MV-free-28-days, hospital length of stay (LOS), ICU LOS, differences in hemodynamic and respiratory parameters in vvECMO vs. pECLA. Cost-effectiveness will be evaluated. Methods: A systematic review in Tripdatabase, Pubmed, general search engines and specific sites was made. Coverage policies were sought. Results: 4 randomized controlled trials, 8 case series, 4 secondary studies, 2 economic evaluations and 1 sanitary technology evaluation were found. UK and USA coverage policies were located. Conclusions: ECLS+VM demonstrated reduction in 30-days-mortality compared to VM alone. No other differences (MV-free-28-days, LOS, ICU LOS) were found. Evidence about use of pECLA is low quality. There is no evidence in mortality reduction with pECLA. Hemodynamic parameters are not modified by vvECMO nor pECLA. avECMO is useful in hemodynamic instability. ECLS enhances lung gas transfer (CO2 arterial pressure reduction and O2 arterial pressure increase). More important benefits are achieved in hypercapnia treatment where pECLA seem to be more suitable because of its lower complexity and cost. There is lower complication rates in pECLA vs. vvECMO, particularly respect to coagulation and hemolysis complications. Indications should be strictly controlled and monitored. There is high recommendation on referral to high-volume centers for use of ECLS. ECMO is cost effective in US and UK health systems with USD 7,000-35,000 per life year or QALY gained and £ 19,252 (95% CI 7622-59200) for pECLA.

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          Most cited references60

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          Positive end-expiratory pressure setting in adults with acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome: a randomized controlled trial.

          The need for lung protection is universally accepted, but the optimal level of positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) in patients with acute lung injury (ALI) or acute respiratory distress syndrome remains debated. To compare the effect on outcome of a strategy for setting PEEP aimed at increasing alveolar recruitment while limiting hyperinflation to one aimed at minimizing alveolar distension in patients with ALI. A multicenter randomized controlled trial of 767 adults (mean [SD] age, 59.9 [15.4] years) with ALI conducted in 37 intensive care units in France from September 2002 to December 2005. Tidal volume was set at 6 mL/kg of predicted body weight in both strategies. Patients were randomly assigned to a moderate PEEP strategy (5-9 cm H(2)O) (minimal distension strategy; n = 382) or to a level of PEEP set to reach a plateau pressure of 28 to 30 cm H(2)O (increased recruitment strategy; n = 385). The primary end point was mortality at 28 days. Secondary end points were hospital mortality at 60 days, ventilator-free days, and organ failure-free days at 28 days. The 28-day mortality rate in the minimal distension group was 31.2% (n = 119) vs 27.8% (n = 107) in the increased recruitment group (relative risk, 1.12 [95% confidence interval, 0.90-1.40]; P = .31). The hospital mortality rate in the minimal distension group was 39.0% (n = 149) vs 35.4% (n = 136) in the increased recruitment group (relative risk, 1.10 [95% confidence interval, 0.92-1.32]; P = .30). The increased recruitment group compared with the minimal distension group had a higher median number of ventilator-free days (7 [interquartile range {IQR}, 0-19] vs 3 [IQR, 0-17]; P = .04) and organ failure-free days (6 [IQR, 0-18] vs 2 [IQR, 0-16]; P = .04). This strategy also was associated with higher compliance values, better oxygenation, less use of adjunctive therapies, and larger fluid requirements. A strategy for setting PEEP aimed at increasing alveolar recruitment while limiting hyperinflation did not significantly reduce mortality. However, it did improve lung function and reduced the duration of mechanical ventilation and the duration of organ failure. clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00188058.
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            Lower tidal volume strategy (≈3 ml/kg) combined with extracorporeal CO2 removal versus ‘conventional’ protective ventilation (6 ml/kg) in severe ARDS

            Background Acute respiratory distress syndrome is characterized by damage to the lung caused by various insults, including ventilation itself, and tidal hyperinflation can lead to ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). We investigated the effects of a low tidal volume (V T) strategy (V T ≈ 3 ml/kg/predicted body weight [PBW]) using pumpless extracorporeal lung assist in established ARDS. Methods Seventy-nine patients were enrolled after a ‘stabilization period’ (24 h with optimized therapy and high PEEP). They were randomly assigned to receive a low V T ventilation (≈3 ml/kg) combined with extracorporeal CO2 elimination, or to a ARDSNet strategy (≈6 ml/kg) without the extracorporeal device. The primary outcome was the 28-days and 60-days ventilator-free days (VFD). Secondary outcome parameters were respiratory mechanics, gas exchange, analgesic/sedation use, complications and hospital mortality. Results Ventilation with very low V T’s was easy to implement with extracorporeal CO2-removal. VFD’s within 60 days were not different between the study group (33.2 ± 20) and the control group (29.2 ± 21, p = 0.469), but in more hypoxemic patients (PaO2/FIO2 ≤150) a post hoc analysis demonstrated significant improved VFD-60 in study patients (40.9 ± 12.8) compared to control (28.2 ± 16.4, p = 0.033). The mortality rate was low (16.5 %) and did not differ between groups. Conclusions The use of very low V T combined with extracorporeal CO2 removal has the potential to further reduce VILI compared with a ‘normal’ lung protective management. Whether this strategy will improve survival in ARDS patients remains to be determined (Clinical trials NCT 00538928). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00134-012-2787-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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              Randomized clinical trial of pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation and extracorporeal CO2 removal for adult respiratory distress syndrome.

              The impact of a new therapy that includes pressure-controlled inverse ratio ventilation followed by extracorporeal CO2 removal on the survival of patients with severe ARDS was evaluated in a randomized controlled clinical trial. Computerized protocols generated around-the-clock instructions for management of arterial oxygenation to assure equivalent intensity of care for patients randomized to the new therapy limb and those randomized to the control, mechanical ventilation limb. We randomized 40 patients with severe ARDS who met the ECMO entry criteria. The main outcome measure was survival at 30 days after randomization. Survival was not significantly different in the 19 mechanical ventilation (42%) and 21 new therapy (extracorporeal) (33%) patients (p = 0.8). All deaths occurred within 30 days of randomization. Overall patient survival was 38% (15 of 40) and was about four times that expected from historical data (p = 0.0002). Extracorporeal treatment group survival was not significantly different from other published survival rates after extracorporeal CO2 removal. Mechanical ventilation patient group survival was significantly higher than the 12% derived from published data (p = 0.0001). Protocols controlled care 86% of the time. Average PaO2 was 59 mm Hg in both treatment groups. Intensity of care required to maintain arterial oxygenation was similar in both groups (2.6 and 2.6 PEEP changes/day; 4.3 and 5.0 FIO2 changes/day). We conclude that there was no significant difference in survival between the mechanical ventilation and the extracorporeal CO2 removal groups. We do not recommend extracorporeal support as a therapy for ARDS. Extracorporeal support for ARDS should be restricted to controlled clinical trials.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ramer
                Revista americana de medicina respiratoria
                Rev. am. med. respir.
                Asociación Argentina de Medicina Respiratoria (CABA, , Argentina )
                1852-236X
                December 2016
                : 16
                : 4
                : 350-364
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameInstituto de efectividad clínica y sanitaria orgdiv1evaluación de tecnologías sanitarias y economía de la salud
                Article
                S1852-236X2016000400009
                af772d54-6539-4dac-a4bd-719294d748c0

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 August 2016
                : 18 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 69, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Argentina


                Dispositivos extracorpóreos,Soporto pulmonar,Insuficiencia pulmonar severa

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