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      Abordaje integral del paciente desnutrido: buscando la continuidad en el apoyo nutricional Translated title: Comprehensive approach for malnourished patients: aiming for continuity in nutritional support

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          Abstract

          Resumen La principal causa de desnutrición en nuestro entorno es la enfermedad. Esta circunstancia lleva asociada un aumento en los costes derivado del aumento de los días de hospitalización, que conlleva un mayor número de pruebas complementarias y el incremento del soporte nutricional artificial y/o de medicamentos para tratar las complicaciones, lo que supone una carga económica muy importante. La mayoría de los pacientes malnutridos o en riesgo de estarlo pueden beneficiarse de apoyo nutricional por vía oral, lo que incluye modificaciones de la dieta (fortificación, snacks extras, etc.), prescripción de una dieta personalizada por una dietista y el uso eventual de suplementos nutricionales orales (SNO). Diversos metaanálisis han demostrado beneficios en el uso de SNO en la recuperación ponderal, en la disminución del número de complicaciones y de reingresos y en una mejoría funcional sin que se produzca una reducción de la ingesta habitual de alimentos. El uso de SNO es particularmente coste-efectivo en determinados subgrupos de edad (ancianos con fragilidad), estado nutricional (desnutrición previa) y enfermedad subyacente (fractura de cadera, cirugía abdominal, etc.). Por otra parte, un paciente que transita entre diferentes entornos sanitarios (centro de salud, residencia sociosanitaria, hospital de agudos) presenta dificultades añadidas para evaluar el efecto del apoyo nutricional, ya que el gasto que realizamos en un entorno repercute con frecuencia en otro (por ejemplo, en los reingresos hospitalarios). Esta circunstancia dificulta el control por parte de los agentes reguladores de la prescripción y genera el debate sobre la continuidad de los tratamientos en los diferentes escenarios. La repercusión de un episodio de hospitalización en el estado funcional a treinta días del alta ("síndrome posthospitalización") constituye un periodo transitorio de especial vulnerabilidad en episodios de comorbilidad y de riesgo de reingreso. El apoyo nutricional (consejo dietético más uso de SNO) genera ahorros de alrededor del 5% del gasto sanitario en los grupos de intervención en comparación con la práctica habitual, junto con una disminución significativa del número de reingresos hospitalarios. El apoyo nutricional a lo largo de los distintos escenarios en los que se encuentre el paciente ha demostrado ser coste-efectivo, ya que no supone costes extras por unidad de mejora, tanto clínica como funcional, por lo que puede ser defendido desde el punto de vista del gasto sanitario. Estos resultados subrayan la necesidad de prestar atención a la detección del riesgo de desnutrición y a su tratamiento como parte del cuidado médico estándar en el proceso de transición entre el hospital y el domicilio del paciente. Es responsabilidad de los gestores asegurar que en sus centros se realice de forma rutinaria la detección y el tratamiento de la malnutrición, tanto en el ámbito hospitalario como en residencias sociosanitarias y en el domicilio, así como integrar la nutrición clínica entre los cuidados médicos estandarizados de cualquier paciente, lo que plantea la importancia de incluir conocimientos en esta materia en los planes formativos del personal sanitario.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Disease is the main cause of malnutrition in our health and social care settings, and it is associated with an increase in costs, as a result of more days of hospitalization, a greater number of complementary tests, the need for artificial nutritional support and / or drugs to treat complications, which is a very important economic burden. Most patients who are malnourished, or at risk, can benefit from oral nutritional support, which includes dietary modifications (fortification, extra snacks, etc.), prescription of a personalized diet by a registered dietitian and the use of oral nutritional supplements (ONS). The use of ONS has shown benefits, in several meta-analysis, in weight recovery, reduction in the number of complications or hospital readmissions and functional improvement, without a reduction in the usual food intake. The use of ONS is particularly cost-effective in certain subgroups of age (frail elderly), nutritional status (previous malnutrition) and underlying disease (hip fracture, abdominal surgery, etc.). On the other hand, there are additional difficulties to evaluate the effect of nutritional support in different healthcare settings (community, nursing home, hospital) since the economic burden in one environment often has an impact on another (for example: hospital readmissions). This circumstance makes it difficult for regulators to control the prescription and generates debate about the continuity of treatments in different settings. The repercussion of an episode of hospitalization on functional status, 30 days after discharge ("post hospital syndrome"), constitutes a transitory period of special vulnerability for comorbidity and hospital readmission risk. The nutritional support (dietary counselling + use of ONS) generates savings of around 5% of the health cost in the intervention group vs "usual practice", together with a significant decrease in the number of hospital readmissions. The nutritional support throughout the different scenarios where the patient is found has proven to be cost-effective, does not involve extra costs per unit of improvement, both clinical and functional, and can be defended from a health economic perspective. These results highlight the need to pay attention to the detection of malnutrition and its treatment as part of standard medical care in the transition process between the hospital and the patient's home. It is the responsibility of the health managers to ensure that the detection and treatment of malnutrition is routinely carried out in their centers, as well as integrating clinical nutrition into standardized medical care. of any patient, which raises the importance of including clinical nutrition in the training plans of the health personnel.

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          Most cited references22

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          Readmission and mortality in malnourished, older, hospitalized adults treated with a specialized oral nutritional supplement: A randomized clinical trial.

          Hospitalized, malnourished older adults have a high risk of readmission and mortality.
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            • Article: not found

            ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology.

            Neurological diseases are frequently associated with swallowing disorders and malnutrition. Moreover, patients with neurological diseases are at increased risk of micronutrient deficiency and dehydration. On the other hand, nutritional factors may be involved in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. Multiple causes for the development of malnutrition in patients with neurological diseases are known including oropharyngeal dysphagia, impaired consciousness, perception deficits, cognitive dysfunction, and increased needs. The present evidence- and consensus-based guideline addresses clinical questions on best medical nutrition therapy in patients with neurological diseases. Among them, management of oropharyngeal dysphagia plays a pivotal role. The guideline has been written by a multidisciplinary team and offers 88 recommendations for use in clinical practice for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, stroke and multiple sclerosis.
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              A systematic review of compliance to oral nutritional supplements.

              Oral nutritional supplements (ONS) play a key role in the management of malnutrition. This systematic review examined patients' compliance with ONS across healthcare settings and the influence of patient and ONS-related factors.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                nh
                Nutrición Hospitalaria
                Nutr. Hosp.
                Grupo Arán (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0212-1611
                1699-5198
                2018
                : 35
                : spe2
                : 34-38
                Affiliations
                [1] Albacete orgnameGerencia de Atención Integrada de Albacete orgdiv1Hospital General Universitario orgdiv2Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición Spain
                Article
                S0212-16112018000500034 S0212-1611(18)03500200034
                10.20960/nh.1958
                afa7c0e6-10f6-41c6-bc39-9b6804430afc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 26, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Trabajos Originales

                Malnutrition,Compliance,Oral nutritional supplements,Disease-related malnutrition,Continuidad del tratamiento nutricional,Adherencia,Suplementos nutricionales orales,Desnutrición relacionada con la enfermedad,Desnutrición,Nutritional treatment continuity

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