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      Performance Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: A Systematic Review

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          Abstract

          Small, compact and embedded sensors are a pervasive technology in everyday life for a wide number of applications (e.g., wearable devices, domotics, e-health systems, etc.). In this context, wireless transmission plays a key role, and among available solutions, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is gaining more and more popularity. BLE merges together good performance, low-energy consumption and widespread diffusion. The aim of this work is to review the main methodologies adopted to investigate BLE performance. The first part of this review is an in-depth description of the protocol, highlighting the main characteristics and implementation details. The second part reviews the state of the art on BLE characteristics and performance. In particular, we analyze throughput, maximum number of connectable sensors, power consumption, latency and maximum reachable range, with the aim to identify what are the current limits of BLE technology. The main results can be resumed as follows: throughput may theoretically reach the limit of ~230 kbps, but actual applications analyzed in this review show throughputs limited to ~100 kbps; the maximum reachable range is strictly dependent on the radio power, and it goes up to a few tens of meters; the maximum number of nodes in the network depends on connection parameters, on the network architecture and specific device characteristics, but it is usually lower than 10; power consumption and latency are largely modeled and analyzed and are strictly dependent on a huge number of parameters. Most of these characteristics are based on analytical models, but there is a need for rigorous experimental evaluations to understand the actual limits.

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          Internet of Things in the 5G Era: Enablers, Architecture, and Business Models

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            Overview and Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy: An Emerging Low-Power Wireless Technology

            Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is an emerging low-power wireless technology developed for short-range control and monitoring applications that is expected to be incorporated into billions of devices in the next few years. This paper describes the main features of BLE, explores its potential applications, and investigates the impact of various critical parameters on its performance. BLE represents a trade-off between energy consumption, latency, piconet size, and throughput that mainly depends on parameters such as connInterval and connSlaveLatency. According to theoretical results, the lifetime of a BLE device powered by a coin cell battery ranges between 2.0 days and 14.1 years. The number of simultaneous slaves per master ranges between 2 and 5,917. The minimum latency for a master to obtain a sensor reading is 676 μs, although simulation results show that, under high bit error rate, average latency increases by up to three orders of magnitude. The paper provides experimental results that complement the theoretical and simulation findings, and indicates implementation constraints that may reduce BLE performance.
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              An Indoor Location-Aware System for an IoT-Based Smart Museum

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                13 December 2017
                December 2017
                : 17
                : 12
                : 2898
                Affiliations
                [1 ]NeXT: Neurophysiology and Neuroengineering of Human-Technology Interaction Research Unit, School of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy; f.taffoni@ 123456unicampus.it (F.T.); d.formica@ 123456unicampus.it (D.F.)
                [2 ]Unit of Biomedical Robotics and Biomicrosystems, School of Engineering, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, 00128 Rome, Italy
                [3 ]STMicroelectronics, 20864 Agrate Brianza (MB), Italy; marco.santacatterina@ 123456st.com (M.S.); roberto.sannino@ 123456st.com (R.S.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: j.tosi@ 123456unicampus.it ; Tel.: +39-347-865-6624
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5259-8145
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0240-1265
                Article
                sensors-17-02898
                10.3390/s17122898
                5751532
                29236085
                afcec6f7-2aa8-4075-a495-1d25378ca0fb
                © 2017 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 22 September 2017
                : 08 December 2017
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                bluetooth low energy (ble),performance evaluation,wireless sensor network,wearable technology,internet of things (iot)

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