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      New Inotropic Concepts: Rationale for and Differences between Calcium Sensitizers and Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors

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          Abstract

          Positive inotropic compounds may be harmful in the long-term treatment of chronic congestive heart failure because they may induce a calcium overload, unwanted changes in cross-bridge kinetics and an acceleration in heart rate. As a result of all three alterations, energy consumption would be increased. Different pharmacological modes of action may have different effects on the molecular mechanisms underlying the positive inotropic effect, and hence on myocardial energy consumption. Therefore, we studied the effects of a variety of cardiotonic agents on the heat released from small guinea pig papillary muscles contracting isometrically at an experimental temperature of 21 °C and a stimulation frequency of 12 per minute using rapid antimony-bismuth thermopiles. We were able to define the economy of muscle contraction, which was lowest with phosphodiesterase inhibitors and highest with calcium sensitizers. Compared with an increase in extracellular calcium concentration, β<sub>1</sub>-adrenoceptor stimulators and phosphodiesterase inhibitors profoundly decrease the economy of myocardial contraction, and calcium-sensitizers (pimobendan and EMD-53998) slightly increase myocardial economy, whereas ouabain and the calcium channel agonist BAY K 8644 have no effect on this parameter. In addition, we provide evidence that acceleration of heart rate may be harmful not only from an energetic point of view: an increase in heart rate may also decrease the contractility of the failing human myocardium (inverse force-frequency relationship). Taking these observations into consideration, an ‘optimal’ positive inotropic compound should have no, or even negative, chronotropic effects, should not be mediated by increases in calcium transients, and should decelerate, rather than accelerate, cross-bridge kinetics.

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          Author and article information

          Journal
          CRD
          Cardiology
          10.1159/issn.0008-6312
          Cardiology
          S. Karger AG
          978-3-8055-6520-2
          978-3-318-01962-9
          0008-6312
          1421-9751
          1997
          1997
          19 November 2008
          : 88
          : Suppl 2
          : 12-20
          Affiliations
          Department of Cardiology and Angiology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
          Article
          177480 Cardiology 1997;88:12–20
          10.1159/000177480
          9142431
          afe64736-211d-406b-ab86-d5b43772e441
          © 1997 S. Karger AG, Basel

          Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

          History
          Page count
          Pages: 9
          Categories
          Paper

          General medicine,Neurology,Cardiovascular Medicine,Internal medicine,Nephrology
          Positive inotropic compounds,Calcium sensitizers,Phosphodiesterase inhibition,Myocardial energetics,Ouabain,Heat measurements,&beta;1-adrenoceptor agonists

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