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      Chalcone synthase and its functions in plant resistance

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          Abstract

          Chalcone synthase (CHS, EC 2.3.1.74) is a key enzyme of the flavonoid/isoflavonoid biosynthesis pathway. Besides being part of the plant developmental program the CHS gene expression is induced in plants under stress conditions such as UV light, bacterial or fungal infection. CHS expression causes accumulation of flavonoid and isoflavonoid phytoalexins and is involved in the salicylic acid defense pathway. This review will discuss CHS and its function in plant resistance.

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          Coordinated plant defense responses in Arabidopsis revealed by microarray analysis.

          P. Schenk, K Kazan, I Wilson … (2000)
          Disease resistance is associated with a plant defense response that involves an integrated set of signal transduction pathways. Changes in the expression patterns of 2,375 selected genes were examined simultaneously by cDNA microarray analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana after inoculation with an incompatible fungal pathogen Alternaria brassicicola or treatment with the defense-related signaling molecules salicylic acid (SA), methyl jasmonate (MJ), or ethylene. Substantial changes (up- and down-regulation) in the steady-state abundance of 705 mRNAs were observed in response to one or more of the treatments, including known and putative defense-related genes and 106 genes with no previously described function or homology. In leaf tissue inoculated with A. brassicicola, the abundance of 168 mRNAs was increased more than 2.5-fold, whereas that of 39 mRNAs was reduced. Similarly, the abundance of 192, 221, and 55 mRNAs was highly (>2.5-fold) increased after treatment with SA, MJ, and ethylene, respectively. Data analysis revealed a surprising level of coordinated defense responses, including 169 mRNAs regulated by multiple treatments/defense pathways. The largest number of genes coinduced (one of four induced genes) and corepressed was found after treatments with SA and MJ. In addition, 50% of the genes induced by ethylene treatment were also induced by MJ treatment. These results indicated the existence of a substantial network of regulatory interactions and coordination occurring during plant defense among the different defense signaling pathways, notably between the salicylate and jasmonate pathways that were previously thought to act in an antagonistic fashion.
          Article 0 comments Cited 225 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Flavonoids act as negative regulators of auxin transport in vivo in arabidopsis.

            B. Tague, G. K. Muday, J Normanly … (2001)
            Polar transport of the plant hormone auxin controls many aspects of plant growth and development. A number of synthetic compounds have been shown to block the process of auxin transport by inhibition of the auxin efflux carrier complex. These synthetic auxin transport inhibitors may act by mimicking endogenous molecules. Flavonoids, a class of secondary plant metabolic compounds, have been suggested to be auxin transport inhibitors based on their in vitro activity. The hypothesis that flavonoids regulate auxin transport in vivo was tested in Arabidopsis by comparing wild-type (WT) and transparent testa (tt4) plants with a mutation in the gene encoding the first enzyme in flavonoid biosynthesis, chalcone synthase. In a comparison between tt4 and WT plants, phenotypic differences were observed, including three times as many secondary inflorescence stems, reduced plant height, decreased stem diameter, and increased secondary root development. Growth of WT Arabidopsis plants on naringenin, a biosynthetic precursor to those flavonoids with auxin transport inhibitor activity in vitro, leads to a reduction in root growth and gravitropism, similar to the effects of synthetic auxin transport inhibitors. Analyses of auxin transport in the inflorescence and hypocotyl of independent tt4 alleles indicate that auxin transport is elevated in plants with a tt4 mutation. In hypocotyls of tt4, this elevated transport is reversed when flavonoids are synthesized by growth of plants on the flavonoid precursor, naringenin. These results are consistent with a role for flavonoids as endogenous regulators of auxin transport.
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              Arabidopsis Flavonoid Mutants Are Hypersensitive to UV-B Irradiation.

              Daniel Amundson, R. Raba, Rui-Juan Li … (1993)
              Increases in the terrestrial levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) radiation (280 to 320 nm) due to diminished stratospheric ozone have prompted an investigation of the protective mechanisms that contribute to UV-B tolerance in plants. In response to UV-B stress, flowering plants produce a variety of UV-absorptive secondary products derived from phenylalanine. Arabidopsis mutants with defects in the synthesis of these compounds were tested for UV-B sensitivity. The transparent testa-4 (tt4) mutant, which has reduced flavonoids and normal levels of sinapate esters, is more sensitive to UV-B than the wild type when grown under high UV-B irradiance. The tt5 and tt6 mutants, which have reduced levels of UV-absorptive leaf flavonoids and the monocyclic sinapic acid ester phenolic compounds, are highly sensitive to the damaging effects of UV-B radiation. These results demonstrate that both flavonoids and other phenolic compounds play important roles in vivo in plant UV-B protection.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : Verpoort@chem.LeidenUniv.NL
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Phytochem Rev
                Title: Phytochemistry Reviews
                Publisher: Springer Netherlands (Dordrecht )
                ISSN (Print): 1568-7767
                ISSN (Electronic): 1572-980X
                Publication date (Electronic): 3 May 2011
                Publication date PMC-release: 3 May 2011
                Publication date (Print): September 2011
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 397-412
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Division of Pharmacognosy, Section Metabolomics, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
                [2 ]Traditional Pharmacy Department, Hanoi Pharmacy University, Hanoi, Vietnam
                [3 ]Section Plant Cell Physiology, Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
                Article
                Publisher ID: 9211
                DOI: 10.1007/s11101-011-9211-7
                PMC ID: 3148432
                PubMed ID: 21909286
                SO-VID: affc09dd-1b30-4b72-9a6b-e30fbcfc8fb3
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2011
                History
                Date received : 10 October 2010
                Date accepted : 16 April 2011
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: flavonoids,plant resistance,chalcone synthase
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Biochemistry
                Keywords: flavonoids, plant resistance, chalcone synthase

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