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      Pharmacological properties of Salvia officinalis and its components

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          Abstract

          Salvia officinalis (Sage) is a plant in the family of Labiatae/Lamiaceae. It is native to Middle East and Mediterranean areas, but today has been naturalized throughout the world. In folk medicine, S. officinalis has been used for the treatment of different kinds of disorders including seizure, ulcers, gout, rheumatism, inflammation, dizziness, tremor, paralysis, diarrhea, and hyperglycemia. In recent years, this plant has been a subject of intensive studies to document its traditional use and to find new biological effects. These studies have revealed a wide range of pharmacological activities for S. officinalis. Present review highlights the up-to-date information on the pharmacological findings that have been frequently reported for S. officinalis. These findings include anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antidementia, hypoglycemic, and hypolipidemic effects. Also, chemical constituents responsible for pharmacological effects of S. officinalis and the clinical studies on this plant are presented and discussed.

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          Antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of rosemary and sage (Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Salvia officinalis L., Lamiaceae) essential oils.

          Biljana Božin, Neda Mimica-Dukic, Isidora Samojlik … (2007)
          The essential oils of rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) and sage ( Salvia officinalis L.) were analyzed by means of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and assayed for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Antimicrobial activity was tested against 13 bacterial strains and 6 fungi, including Candida albicans and 5 dermatomycetes. The most important antibacterial activity of both essential oils was expressed on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, S. enteritidis, and Shigella sonei. A significant rate of antifungal activity, especially of essential oil of rosemary, was also exhibited. Antioxidant activity was evaluated as a free radical scavenging capacity (RSC), together with the effect on lipid peroxidation (LP). RSC was assessed by measuring the scavenging activity of essential oils on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazil (DPPH) and hydroxyl radicals. Effects on LP were evaluated following the activities of essential oils in Fe(2+)/ascorbate and Fe(2+)/H2O2 systems of induction. Investigated essential oils reduced the DPPH radical formation (IC50 = 3.82 microg/mL for rosemary and 1.78 microg/mL for sage) in a dose-dependent manner. Strong inhibition of LP in both systems of induction was especially observed for the essential oil of rosemary.
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            New insights into the use of currently available non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

            Kay Brune, Paola Patrignani (2015)
            Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), which act via inhibition of the cyclooxygenase (COX) isozymes, were discovered more than 100 years ago. They remain a key component of the pharmacological management of acute and chronic pain. The COX-1 and COX-2 isozymes have different biological functions; analgesic activity is primarily (although not exclusively) associated with inhibition of COX-2, while different side effects result from the inhibition of COX-1 and COX-2. All available NSAIDs, including acetaminophen and aspirin, are associated with potential side effects, particularly gastrointestinal and cardiovascular effects, related to their relative selectivity for COX-1 and COX-2. Since all NSAIDs exert their therapeutic activity through inhibition of the COX isozymes, strategies are needed to reduce the risks associated with NSAIDs while achieving sufficient pain relief. A better understanding of the inhibitory activity and COX-1/COX-2 selectivity of an NSAID at therapeutic doses, based on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties (eg, inhibitory dose, absorption, plasma versus tissue distribution, and elimination), and the impact on drug tolerability and safety can guide the selection of appropriate NSAIDs for pain management. For example, many NSAIDs with moderate to high selectivity for COX-2 versus COX-1 can be administered at doses that maximize efficacy (~80% inhibition of COX-2) while minimizing COX-1 inhibition and associated side effects, such as gastrointestinal toxicity. Acidic NSAIDs with favorable tissue distribution and short plasma half-lives can additionally be dosed to provide near-constant analgesia while minimizing plasma concentrations to permit recovery of COX-mediated prostaglandin production in the vascular wall and other organs. Each patient’s clinical background, including gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risk factors, should be taken into account when selecting appropriate NSAIDs. New methods are emerging to assist clinicians in the selection of appropriate NSAIDs and their doses/schedules, such as biomarkers that may predict the response to NSAID treatment in individual patients.
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              Antioxidative Phenolic Compounds from Sage (Salvia officinalis)

              Mingfu Wang, Jiangang Li, Meera Rangarajan … (1998)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mahdi Esmaeilizadeh
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Tradit Complement Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Tradit Complement Med
                Title: Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2225-4110
                Publication date PMC-release: 13 January 2017
                Publication date Collection: October 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 January 2017
                Volume: 7
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 433-440
                Affiliations
                [a ]Pharmacological Research Center of Medicinal Plants, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
                [b ]Department of Basic Sciences, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
                [c ]Student Research Committee, Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Esfarayen Faculty of Medical Sciences, Esfarayen, Iran. Fax: +98 5837238757.Esfarayen Faculty of Medical SciencesEsfarayenIran mahdiesmaeilizadeh@ 123456gmail.com esmaeilizadeh.m@ 123456esfrums.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2225-4110(17)30005-6
                DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2016.12.014
                PMC ID: 5634728
                PubMed ID: 29034191
                SO-VID: b0108bf5-e99a-4006-a16a-47357be375f7
                Copyright © © 2017 Center for Food and Biomolecules, National Taiwan University. Production and hosting by Elsevier Taiwan LLC.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 14 June 2016
                Date revision received : 12 December 2016
                Date accepted : 30 December 2016
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article

                Keywords: anticancer,antimutagenic,flavonoids,sage,salvia officinalis
                Data availability:
                Keywords: anticancer, antimutagenic, flavonoids, sage, salvia officinalis

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