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      Avaliação do potencial citotóxico e genotóxico de Plantago major L. em sistemas teste in vivo Translated title: Evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of Plantago major L. in test systems in vivo

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          Abstract

          A infusão das folhas de Plantago major (Plantaginaceae), conhecida como tansagem ou transagem, é usada como antibiótica, antiinflamatória, anti-séptica, anti-térmica, na prevenção de tumores e no tratamento de neoplasias. Este efeito é atribuído aos flavonóides encontrados em diversas espécies do gênero Plantago. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os potenciais efeitos, tóxico e mutagênico, do extrato bruto hidroalcoólico de folhas de P. major, por meio dos testes in vivo de Allium cepa e do micronúcleo. Para o ensaio biológico vegetal, meristemas de raízes de A. cepa foram usados para o preparo de lâminas através da técnica de esmagamento. No ensaio do micronúcleo foram analisadas lâminas de células de medula óssea de roedores. As análises estatísticas seguiram o teste de Tukey (p<0,05) para o ensaio de Allium cepa e teste de Scott-Knott (p<0,05) para o ensaio do micronúcleo. Os resultados do teste de Allium cepa demonstram que houve redução significativa no índice de germinação em todas as concentrações testadas. P. major provoca alteração no ciclo celular pela inibição da divisão das células, como indica o índice mitótico. Os índices de efeitos clastogênico e aneugênico demonstram que, além de não determinar aumento de aberrações cromossômicas, o que indica ausência de ação genotóxica, P. major possui atividade anti-genotóxica. Os resultados do teste do micronúcleo reforçam a sugestão de que o extrato de P.major não possui atividade mutagênica, entretanto provoca alterações na divisão celular.

          Translated abstract

          The infusion of leaves of Plantago major (Plantaginaceae), known as "tansagem" or "transagem", is used as antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-septic, anti-thermal in the prevention of tumors and in the treatment of neoplasms. This effect is attributed to the flavonoids found in diverse species of the genus Plantago. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential toxic and mutagenic effects of the crude hydroalcoholic extract from P. major leaves by means of in vivo tests with Allium cepa and micronucleus. For the plant biological assay, meristems of A. cepa roots were used for the preparation of slides by adopting the crushing technique. In the micronucleus assay, slides of bone marrow cells from rodents were analyzed. Statistical analyses were carried out according to Tukey's test (ρ<0.05) for the Allium cepa assay and Scott-Knott test (ρ<0.05) for the micronucleus assay. Results of the A. cepa test demonstrate that there was a significant reduction in the germination index at all tested concentrations. P. major causes alteration in the cell cycle by inhibiting the division of cells, as indicated by the mitotic index. The indexes of clastogenic and aneugenic effects show that, in addition to not determining the increase in chromosomal aberrations, which indicates the absence of genotoxic action, P. major has anti-genotoxic activity. Results of the micronucleus test reinforce the suggestion that P. major extract does not have mutagenic activity but causes alterations in the cell division.

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          Anti-proliferative properties of prenylated flavonoids from hops (Humulus lupulus L.) in human prostate cancer cell lines.

          Chalcones xanthohumol (X) and desmethylxanthohumol (DMX), present in hops (Humulus lupulus L.), and the corresponding flavanones isoxanthohumol (IX, from X), 8-prenylnaringenin (8-PN, from DMX), and 6-prenylnaringenin (6-PN, from DMX), have been examined in vitro for their anti-proliferative activity on human prostate cancer cells PC-3 and DU145. X proved to be the most active compound in inhibiting the growth of the cell lines with IC50 values of 12.3+/-1.1 microM for DU145 and 13.2+/-1.1 microM for PC-3. 6-PN was the second most active growth inhibitor, particularly in PC-3 cells (IC50 of 18.4+/-1.2 microM). 8-PN, a highly potent phytoestrogen, exhibited pronounced anti-proliferative effects on PC-3 and DU145 (IC50 of 33.5+/-1.0 and 43.1+/-1.2 microM, respectively), and IX gave comparable activities (IC50 of 45.2+/-1.1 microM for PC-3 and 47.4+/-1.1 microM for DU145). DMX was the least active compound. It was evidenced for the first time that this family of prenylated flavonoids from hops effectively inhibits proliferation of prostate cancer cells in vitro.
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            Cytotoxic effect of Plantago spp. on cancer cell lines.

            Methanolic extracts from seven Plantago species used in traditional medicine for the treatment of cancer, were evaluated for cytotoxic activity against three human cancer cell lines recommended by the National Cancer Institute (NCI, USA). The results showed that Plantago species exhibited cytotoxic activity, showing a certain degree of selectivity against the tested cells in culture. Since the flavonoids are able to strongly inhibit the proliferation of human cancer cell lines, we have identified luteolin-7-O-beta-glucoside as major flavonoid present in most of the Plantago species. Also, we have evaluated this compound and its aglycon, luteolin, for their cytotoxic and DNA topoisomerase I poisons activities. These results could justify the traditional use of the Plantago species and topoisomerase-mediated DNA damage might be a possible mechanism by which flavonoids of Plantago exert their cytotoxicity potential.
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              Cytotoxic flavonoids with isoprenoid groups from Morus mongolica.

              A new pyranoflavanone, sanggenol L (1), a Diels-Alder type adduct regarded as a cycloaddition product of a dehydrogeranylflavanone and a prenylchalcone, sanggenol M (2), along with four new 2-arylbenzofurans with isoprenoid units, mulberrofurans W-Z (3-6), were isolated together with 10 known flavonoids from Chinese Morus mongolica. The structures of these novel compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic methods. All flavanones investigated here showed higher cytotoxicity against human oral tumor cell lines (HSC-2 and HSG) than against normal human gingival fibroblasts (HGF). Among them, the cytotoxicity of compound 2 and the Diels-Alder type flavanone sanggenon C (7) isolated from Morus cathayana were the most potent. On the other hand, seven 2-arylbenzofurans exhibited lower cytotoxicity and tumor specificity as compared with flavanones.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbpm
                Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais
                Rev. bras. plantas med.
                Sociedade Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais (Botucatu )
                1983-084X
                2012
                : 14
                : 4
                : 635-642
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo Brazil
                Article
                S1516-05722012000400010
                10.1590/S1516-05722012000400010
                b011a10e-7349-4e54-8de0-0b64ddc824ef

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1516-0572&lng=en
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                mutagenesis,tansagem,medicinal plants,Allium cepa,micronucleus,mutagênese,plantas medicinais,micronúcleo

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