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      Phytochemical Screening and In Vivo Antimalarial Activity of Two Traditionally Used Medicinal Plants of Afar Region, Ethiopia, against Plasmodium berghei in Swiss Albino Mice

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          Abstract

          The objective of the present study was to investigate phytochemical components, antiplasmodial activity ( in vivo) and evaluate the toxicity of two local medicinal plants, namely, Salvadora persica L. and Balanites rotundifolia (Van Tiegh.) used in Afar ethnomedicine for the treatment of malaria. In this study, phytochemical screening has been done using standard methods and the existence of antiplasmodial compounds was detected in these plant extracts. Four-day Peter's test was used to determine parasite inhibition, PCV was determined by Wintrob's method, and effects against loss of body weight and improvements on survival time were determined. LD50s of the crude extracts have been also done. Acute toxicity studies of the extracts were carried out in Swiss albino mice prior to antimalarial activity test. All extracts revealed no obvious acute toxicities on mice up to the highest (5000mg/kg) dose given. The crude extract was estimated to have oral median lethal dose higher than 5,000 mg/kg. With the 4-day suppressive test, both plant extracts demonstrated dose-dependent significant reduction in parasitemia level at all test doses compared to the negative control: in the extract of B. rotundifolia 500 mg/kg extract (60.59±3.25%), 350 mg/kg extract (48.1±1.4), and 200 mg/kg extract (41.33±1.1%) were found. And in case of S. Persica 500 mg/kg extract (50.6±4.01%), 350 mg/kg extract (35.85±0.89), and 200 mg/kg extract (27.69±1.14%) were found. The results of this study provide support for the traditional therapeutic value and the reported antimalarial activity.

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          In vivo antimalarial activities of extracts from Amaranthus spinosus L. and Boerhaavia erecta L. in mice.

          Extracts obtained from two Burkinabe folk medicine plants, spiny amaranth (Amaranthus spinosus L., Amaranthaceae) and erect spiderling (Boerhaavia erecta L., Nyctagynaceae) were screened for antimalarial properties with the aim of testing the validity of their traditional uses. The plant extracts showed significant antimalarial activities in the 4-day suppressive antimalarial assay in mice inoculated with red blood cells parasitized with Plasmodium berghei berghei. We obtained values for ED(50) of 789 and 564 mg/kg for Amaranthus spinosus and Boerhaavia erecta extracts, respectively. Moreover the tested vegetal material showed only low toxicity (1,450 and 2,150 mg/kg as LD(50) for Amaranthus spinosus and Boerhaavia erecta, respectively).
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            Phytochemical Methods

            J HARBORNE (1984)
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              Testing of natural products and synthetic molecules aiming at new antimalarials.

              The search for new antimalarials, which in the past relied on animal models, is now usually performed with cultures of Plasmodium falciparum (PF) blood parasites by evaluation of parasite growth inhibition. Field isolates of PF human malaria parasite, parasite strains and clones, well characterized for their susceptibility to chloroquine and other standard antimalarials are available for the in vitro tests. The simplest method to evaluate parasite growth is the determination of parasitemias in Giemsa stained blood smears through light microscopy. Other methodologies have proven to be more precise and allow mass screening of new compounds against PF blood stages, such as: (i) measuring the incorporation of radioactive hypoxanthine by the parasites; (ii) indirect colorimetric assays in which specific parasite enzyme activities, and histidine-rich protein II (HRP2) production are measured with the help of monoclonal antibodies; (iii) the beta-haematin formation, and; (iv) assays using green fluorescent protein (GFP) in gene-expressing parasites. The advantages and disadvantages of the different in vitro screening methods, as well as the different in vivo models for antimalarial tests, are described in this review. Such tests can be used for the evaluation of medicinal plants, synthetic and hybrid molecules or drug combinations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                J Parasitol Res
                J Parasitol Res
                JPR
                Journal of Parasitology Research
                Hindawi
                2090-0023
                2090-0031
                2019
                2 June 2019
                : 2019
                : 4519298
                Affiliations
                1Department of Biology, Raya University, Maichew, Tigray, Ethiopia
                2Department of Biology, Samara University, Samara, Afar, Ethiopia
                3Department of Biomedical Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                4Department of Biology, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: José F. Silveira

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3514-2100
                Article
                10.1155/2019/4519298
                6582797
                31275626
                b019d1b1-3a4e-415d-a87f-4e5290a16f86
                Copyright © 2019 Sibhatu Gebrehiwot et al.

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 12 November 2018
                : 28 April 2019
                Funding
                Funded by: Samara University
                Categories
                Research Article

                Parasitology
                Parasitology

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