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      Are loneliness and social isolation associated with cognitive decline?

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          Most cited references27

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          Interplay of hippocampus and prefrontal cortex in memory.

          Recent studies on the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex have considerably advanced our understanding of the distinct roles of these brain areas in the encoding and retrieval of memories, and of how they interact in the prolonged process by which new memories are consolidated into our permanent storehouse of knowledge. These studies have led to a new model of how the hippocampus forms and replays memories and how the prefrontal cortex engages representations of the meaningful contexts in which related memories occur, as well as how these areas interact during memory retrieval. Furthermore, they have provided new insights into how interactions between the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex support the assimilation of new memories into pre-existing networks of knowledge, called schemas, and how schemas are modified in this process as the foundation of memory consolidation. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The Neuroendocrinology of Social Isolation

            Social isolation has been recognized as a major risk factor for morbidity and mortality in humans for more than a quarter of a century. Although the focus of research has been on objective social roles and health behavior, the brain is the key organ for forming, monitoring, maintaining, repairing, and replacing salutary connections with others. Accordingly, population-based longitudinal research indicates that perceived social isolation (loneliness) is a risk factor for morbidity and mortality independent of objective social isolation and health behavior. Human and animal investigations of neuroendocrine stress mechanisms that may be involved suggest that (a) chronic social isolation increases the activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical axis, and (b) these effects are more dependent on the disruption of a social bond between a significant pair than objective isolation per se. The relational factors and neuroendocrine, neurobiological, and genetic mechanisms that may contribute to the association between perceived isolation and mortality are reviewed.
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              Is Open Access

              The impact of social activities, social networks, social support and social relationships on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults: a systematic review

              Background Social relationships, which are contingent on access to social networks, promote engagement in social activities and provide access to social support. These social factors have been shown to positively impact health outcomes. In the current systematic review, we offer a comprehensive overview of the impact of social activities, social networks and social support on the cognitive functioning of healthy older adults (50+) and examine the differential effects of aspects of social relationships on various cognitive domains. Methods We followed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis) guidelines, and collated data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs), genetic and observational studies. Independent variables of interest included subjective measures of social activities, social networks, and social support, and composite measures of social relationships (CMSR). The primary outcome of interest was cognitive function divided into domains of episodic memory, semantic memory, overall memory ability, working memory, verbal fluency, reasoning, attention, processing speed, visuospatial abilities, overall executive functioning and global cognition. Results Thirty-nine studies were included in the review; three RCTs, 34 observational studies, and two genetic studies. Evidence suggests a relationship between (1) social activity and global cognition and overall executive functioning, working memory, visuospatial abilities and processing speed but not episodic memory, verbal fluency, reasoning or attention; (2) social networks and global cognition but not episodic memory, attention or processing speed; (3) social support and global cognition and episodic memory but not attention or processing speed; and (4) CMSR and episodic memory and verbal fluency but not global cognition. Conclusions The results support prior conclusions that there is an association between social relationships and cognitive function but the exact nature of this association remains unclear. Implications of the findings are discussed and suggestions for future research provided. Systematic review registration PROSPERO 2012: CRD42012003248. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13643-017-0632-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry
                Int J Geriatr Psychiatry
                Wiley
                0885-6230
                1099-1166
                July 15 2019
                November 2019
                July 25 2019
                November 2019
                : 34
                : 11
                : 1613-1622
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of PsychiatryUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
                [2 ]Department of PsychiatryHospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS‐Princesa) Madrid Spain
                [3 ]Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, CIBERSAMInstituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
                [4 ]Department of Preventive Medicine and Public HealthUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid Madrid Spain
                [5 ]Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Epidemiología y Salud Pública, CIBERESPInstituto de Salud Carlos III Madrid Spain
                [6 ]Research, Innovation and Teaching UnitParc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu Sant Boi de Llobregat Barcelona Spain
                [7 ]Department of Psychiatry and Clinical PsychobiologyUniversity of Barcelona Barcelona Spain
                Article
                10.1002/gps.5174
                31304639
                b028e06f-91e6-431b-be9b-b7733a6479e8
                © 2019

                http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/termsAndConditions#vor

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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