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      Caracterización del ambiente atmosférico en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y Santa Cruz de Tenerife: 2000 a 2004 Translated title: Characterization of the atmospheric environment in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain: 2000-2004

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          Abstract

          Fundamento: El carácter insular de las ciudades de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria y Santa Cruz de Tenerife, su meteorología y la proximidad del continente africano que favorece la llegada de material particulado de origen natural sobre las islas, determinan unas especificidades en su calidad del aire. El objetivo de este artículo es la caracterización de la contaminación atmosférica durante los años 2000 a 2004 como indicador de exposición de los habitantes de estas dos ciudades. Métodos: Se elaboraron los siguientes indicadores de contaminación: promedios de 24 horas de PM10, PM2,5, NO2, SO2 y O3; máximo de las 17 medias móviles octohorarias diarias de O3 y CO; máximo horario diario de SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM10 y PM2,5. También se calcularon los niveles de la moda gruesa de partículas, como la diferencia entre los valores de PM10 y PM2,5 (PM10-2,5). Se identificaron episodios de intrusión africana. Resultados: En Sta Cruz de TF los promedios de SO2 (14µg/m³N) y de O3 (44,4 µg/m³N ) fueron superiores respecto a los de Las Palmas de GC (8 y 28,3 µg/m³N). Los promedios de NO2 en Las Palmas de GC: 45,8 µg/m³N fueron superiores a los de Sta. Cruz de TF: 30,3 µg/m³N. Debido a las intrusiones africanas, algunos días superaron los 600 µg/m³ de PM10 y los 200 de PM2.5 en ambas ciudades. Conclusiones: Se identifica un patrón de calidad del aire con episodios de polvo mineral africano que en superficie afecta a todas las fracciones granulométricas, una estacionalidad diferente a las ciudades europeas respecto al ozono, así como un patrón de contaminación urbano-industrial en Sta. Cruz de Tf y netamente urbano en Las Palmas de GC. Se hace necesario tener en cuenta estos resultados para analizar su posible impacto sobre la salud de los ciudadanos de las Islas Canarias y establecer sistemas adecuados de vigilancia.

          Translated abstract

          Background: The island factor in the cities of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria and Santa Cruz de Tenerife, their meteorology and the proximity to the African Continent that originates the natural particulate matter transport over the islands, cause some specific features in their air quality. The aim of this paper is to characterize the air pollution from 2000 to 2004 as exposure indicator of both cities´ inhabitants. Methods: 24 hour daily average variables of PM10, PM2,5, NO2, SO2 and O3 , 8 hours daily maxima moving averages of O3 y CO and 1 hour maxima of SO2, NO2, O3, CO, PM10 y PM2,5 were calculated. Daily levels of coarse particles were obtained subtracting PM2,5 from PM10. African dust events were identified. Results: In Sta. Cruz de Tf daily means of SO2 (14.0µg/m³N) and ozone levels (44.4 µg/m³N ) were higher than Las Palmas de GC levels (8.0 y 28.3 µg/m³N). Daily means of NO2 in Las Palmas de GC: 45.8 µg/m³N where higher than Sta. Cruz de Tf levels: 30.3 µg/m³N. Due to African dust outbreaks, some days in both cities exceeded 600 µg/m³ of PM10 and 200 of PM2.5 24-h average. Conclusions: The air quality patterns were characterized by very high levels of African dust outbreaks that affect all PM size fractions. Different O3 seasonality exists respect European cities in addition to an urban-industrial ambient air in Sta. Cruz de TF and clearly urban in Las Palmas de GC. These results have to be considered in order to lay the foundations to suitable surveillance systems, analyse the potential impact on the Canary Islands citizens’ health and to get conclusions.

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          Most cited references33

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          Short term effects of ambient sulphur dioxide and particulate matter on mortality in 12 European cities: results from time series data from the APHEA project

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            Associations between air pollution and mortality in Phoenix, 1995-1997.

            We evaluated the association between mortality outcomes in elderly individuals and particulate matter (PM) of varying aerodynamic diameters (in micrometers) [PM(10), PM(2.5), and PM(CF )(PM(10) minus PM(2.5))], and selected particulate and gaseous phase pollutants in Phoenix, Arizona, using 3 years of daily data (1995-1997). Although source apportionment and epidemiologic methods have been previously combined to investigate the effects of air pollution on mortality, this is the first study to use detailed PM composition data in a time-series analysis of mortality. Phoenix is in the arid Southwest and has approximately 1 million residents (9. 7% of the residents are > 65 years of age). PM data were obtained from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) National Exposure Research Laboratory Platform in central Phoenix. We obtained gaseous pollutant data, specifically carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, ozone, and sulfur dioxide data, from the EPA Aerometric Information Retrieval System Database. We used Poisson regression analysis to evaluate the associations between air pollution and nonaccidental mortality and cardiovascular mortality. Total mortality was significantly associated with CO and NO(2) (p < 0.05) and weakly associated with SO(2), PM(10), and PM(CF) (p < 0. 10). Cardiovascular mortality was significantly associated with CO, NO(2), SO(2), PM(2.5), PM(10), PM(CF) (p < 0.05), and elemental carbon. Factor analysis revealed that both combustion-related pollutants and secondary aerosols (sulfates) were associated with cardiovascular mortality.
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              Meta-Analysis of Time-Series Studies of Air Pollution and Mortality: Effects of Gases and Particles and the Influence of Cause of Death, Age, and Season

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                resp
                Revista Española de Salud Pública
                Rev. Esp. Salud Publica
                Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar social (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1135-5727
                2173-9110
                October 2008
                : 82
                : 5
                : 493-507
                Affiliations
                [01] orgnameGobierno de Canarias orgdiv1Dirección General de Salud Pública
                [02] orgnameEscuela Valenciana de Estudios en Salud (EVES)
                Article
                S1135-57272008000500005 S1135-5727(08)08200500005
                10.1590/s1135-57272008000500005
                b02a3faf-09dd-4d48-8412-104a83324439

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 3.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 32, Pages: 15
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                SciELO Public Health

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                Dióxido de azufre,Air pollution,PM10,PM2,5,Sulphur dioxide,Nitrogen dioxide,Ozone,carbon monoxide,Contaminación atmosférica,Dióxido de nitrógeno,Ozono,Monóxido de carbono

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