The role of warmup in muscular injury prevention

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The avoidability of soccer injuries.

J Ekstrand, J Gillquist (1983)

One hundred eighty players in a male soccer division were followed prospectively for 1 year to assess etiologic factors in soccer injuries. Range of motion and muscle strength in the lower extremities were measured in a preseason test. All injuries during 1 year were examined by the same orthopaedic surgeon. 42% of the injuries were considered to be due to player factors, such as joint instability, muscle tightness, inadequate rehabilitation, or lack of training. Ankle sprains were commoner in players with previous ankle sprains or clinical instability. 35% of the moderate (absence from practice greater than 1 week, less than 1 month) or major (absence greater than 1 month) injuries were preceded by minor (absence less than 1 week) injuries, reflecting inadequate rehabilitation. Players sustaining knee sprains not due to collision had reduced muscle strength in the injured leg. No other strength differences between injured and uninjured players were found. 63% of players had tight muscles. Strains more commonly affected players with muscle tightness. 71% of the injuries proved to be explicable by and associated with player factors, equipment, playing ground, or rules.

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The Mechanical Properties of Rat Tail Tendon

Bernard J. Rigby, Nishio Hirai, John D. Spikes … (1959)

The load-strain and stress-relaxation behavior of wet rat tail tendon has been examined with respect to the parameters strain, rate of straining, and temperature. It is found that this mechanical behavior is reproducible after resting the tendon for a few minutes after each extension so long as the strain does not exceed about 4 per cent. If this strain is exceeded, the tendon becomes progressively easier to extend but its length still returns to the original value after each extension. Extensions of over 35 per cent can be reached in this way. Temperature has no effect upon the mechanical behavior over the range 0–37°C. Just above this temperature, important changes take place in the mechanical properties of the tendon which may have biological significance. The application of the techniques used here to studies of connective tissue disorders is suggested. Some of the mechanical properties of tendon have been interpreted with a simple model.