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      Metabolic and electrolyte changes during recovery from exercise with and without a preparation for recovery

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          Abstract

          Abstract. Seven young females and 1 male participant (between 24 and 29 years of age) were subjected to a 3,200-m run through uneven terrain. After the run, capillary blood samples were drawn for the determination of pH, pCO 2 , pO 2 , base excess (BE), HCO 3 , ionized magnesium (Mg), and lactate. 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the run, additional blood samples were taken to assess the metabolic situation during recovery. One week later, the candidates received two sachets of an effervescent preparation containing amino acids, vitamins, herbal antioxidants, trace elements, and electrolytes. Among them, a total of 300 mg Mg immediately after running and the same sampling times as in the control group were used. It turned out that the group averages of pH, BE, and HCO 3 were already significantly higher at 30, 60, and 90 minutes after the run in the test group than in controls. Correlation analyses further show that recovery of test persons is significantly faster, especially in those participants most affected by the running. Additionally, there is no “oxygen trapping” in the blood due to increased pH during the recovery period in test persons.


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          Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review.

          Selenium is of fundamental importance to human health. It is an essential component of several major metabolic pathways, including thyroid hormone metabolism, antioxidant defence systems, and immune function. The decline in blood selenium concentration in the UK and other European Union countries has therefore several potential public health implications, particularly in relation to the chronic disease prevalence of the Western world such as cancer and cardiovascular disease. Ten years have elapsed since recommended dietary intakes of selenium were introduced on the basis of blood glutathione peroxidase activity. Since then 30 new selenoproteins have been identified, of which 15 have been purified to allow characterisation of their biological function. The long term health implications in relation to declining selenium intakes have not yet been thoroughly examined, yet the implicit importance of selenium to human health is recognised universally. Selenium is incorporated as selenocysteine at the active site of a wide range of selenoproteins. The four glutathione peroxidase enzymes (classical GPx1, gastrointestinal GPx2, plasma GPx3, phospholipid hydroperoxide GPx4)) which represent a major class of functionally important selenoproteins, were the first to be characterised. Thioredoxin reductase (TR) is a recently identified seleno-cysteine containing enzyme which catalyzes the NADPH dependent reduction of thioredoxin and therefore plays a regulatory role in its metabolic activity. Approximately 60% of Se in plasma is incorporated in selenoprotein P which contains 10 Se atoms per molecule as selenocysteine, and may serve as a transport protein for Se. However, selenoprotein-P is also expressed in many tissues which suggests that although it may facilitate whole body Se distribution, this may not be its sole function. A second major class of selenoproteins are the iodothyronine deiodinase enzymes which catalyse the 5'5-mono-deiodination of the prohormone thyroxine (T4) to the active thyroid hormone 3,3'5-triiodothyronine (T3). Sperm capsule selenoprotein is localised in the mid-peice portion of spermatozoa where it stabilises the integrity of the sperm flagella. Se intake effects tissue concentrations of selenoprotein W which is reported to be necessary for muscle metabolism. It is of great concern that the health implications of the decline in Se status in the UK over the past two decades have not been systematically investigated. It is well recognised that dietary selenium is important for a healthy immune response. There is also evidence that Se has a protective effect against some forms of cancer; that it may enhance male fertility; decrease cardiovascular disease mortality, and regulate the inflammatory mediators in asthma. The potential influence of Se on these chronic diseases within the European population are important considerations when assessing Se requirement.
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            Vitamin E, vitamin C, and exercise.

            Exercise increases the generation of oxygen free radicals and lipid peroxidation. Strenuous exercise in a person who is unconditioned or unaccustomed to exercise will induce oxidative damage and result in muscle injury. However, aerobic exercise training strengthens the antioxidant defense system by increasing superoxide dismutase. Vitamin C and, especially, vitamin E are shown to decrease the exercise-induced increase in the rate of lipid peroxidation. No ergogenic effects of either vitamin C or E have been shown. Vitamin E was shown to significantly increase circulating neutrophils in older, but not younger, subjects performing eccentric exercise that causes an increase in skeletal muscle damage. In addition to its effect in augmenting the neutrophil response to eccentric exercise, vitamin E causes a greater increase in circulating creatine kinase activity, perhaps indicating increased skeletal muscle repair. Increased vitamin E intake has been associated with enhanced glucose tolerance and insulin action as well as improved lipoprotein status. Future research should examine the combined effects of exercise training and vitamins E and C on these health-related outcomes.
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              The value of the chloride: sodium ratio in differentiating the aetiology of metabolic acidosis.

              Stewart's physicochemical approach to acid-base balance defines the aetiology of a metabolic acidosis by quantifying anions of tissue acids (TA), which consist of unmeasured anions (UMA) and/or lactate. We hypothesised that an increase in TA during metabolic acidosis would lead to a compensatory fall in the plasma chloride (Cl) relative to sodium (Cl:Na ratio) in order to preserve electro-neutrality. Thus, the Cl:Na ratio could be used as a simple alternative to the anion gap in identifying raised TA. Two hundred and eighty two consecutive patients who were admitted to our Paediatric Intensive Care were enrolled in the study. We obtained 540 samples (admission n = 282, 24 h n = 258) for analysis of blood chemistry, lactate and quantification of TA and UMA. Samples were subgrouped into those with metabolic acidosis (standard bicarbonate 3 mEq/l). Metabolic acidosis occurred in 46% of samples, of which 52.3% (120/230) had increased UMA. The dominant component of TA was UMA rather than lactate, and these two components did not always rise in tandem. Our hypothesis of relative hypochloraemia was supported by a lower Cl:Na ratio (P 0.79) excluded TA (PPV 81%, LR 4.5). Base deficit (BD) and lactate performed poorly. In metabolic acidosis due to TA, plasma Cl concentration decreases relative to sodium. The Cl:Na ratio is a simple alternative to the AG for detecting TA in this setting.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Trace Elements and Electrolytes
                TE
                Dustri-Verlgag Dr. Karl Feistle
                0946-2104
                2018
                April 01 2018
                : 35
                : 04
                : 79-85
                Article
                10.5414/TEX01513
                b0439430-4b57-48a5-93e4-cae3aaf289c1
                © 2018
                History

                Endocrinology & Diabetes,General medicine,Medicine,Gastroenterology & Hepatology,Nutrition & Dietetics
                blood buffers,blood gases,vitamin and amino acid application,exercise,antioxidant,recovery,acute Mg

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