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      La incapacidad temporal laboral en los tiempos del COVID-19, aspectos preventivos y consecuencias Translated title: Temporary incapacity for work (sick leave) in the times of COVID-19, preventive aspects and consequences

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción: La incapacidad temporal por COVID-19 fue regulada de forma expresa, mediante diversas normas e instrucciones, cubriendo tanto el aislamiento por contacto, por infección o para trabajadores sensibles. Supuso la integración de la protección preventiva laboral amparada su protección en una la prestación económica dotada de mayor cuantía. Analizando las consecuencias de la pandemia en la primera ola, confinamiento, desescalada y vuelta a la normalidad, meses de marzo a octubre, el impacto «colapsante» del COVID-19 en el sistema sanitario supuso la paralización y el aumento de listas de espera para pruebas, operaciones y consultas no urgentes del resto de patologías, y consecuentemente un elevado incremento de la duración media de las bajas laborales por todos los procesos, en el confinamiento y la desescalada en un 84,48% y en un 25,27% las bajas prolongadas que alcanzaron más de 365 días. En consecuencia, el COVID-19 como efecto colateral supuso una mala evolución del resto de procesos, prolongando la duración de las incapacidades temporales, lo que supone un empeoramiento de la salud laboral, un riesgo mayor de no retorno al trabajo que sucede en las bajas largas, mayor riesgo de desempleo, un mayor gasto en prestaciones y un deterioro económico para empresas y autónomos. La incapacidad temporal por COVID-19 suponía al final de octubre 2020 el 38,73% de todas las bajas. Material y Método: Se analizaron los datos suministrados por la Seguridad Social, por el INSS y el Ministerio de Sanidad, se elaboraron para poder extraer datos para poder valorar el impacto del COVID-19 en la incapacidad temporal laboral. Se revisaron hasta octubre de 2019 las siguientes bases de datos bibliográficas: SciELO, PUBMED. Así mismo otras referencias que incluimos en bibliografía. Objetivo: Recoger de forma sintética la norma aplicable, las situaciones protegidas, y cuantificar el impacto en las bajas, incapacidad laboral, de la pandemia. Conclusiones: La pandemia obligó a priorizar recursos en torno al COVID-19, colapsando la atención del resto de patologías, salvo urgencias o tratamientos vitales. Esto supuso el aumento de las listas de espera para consultas, pruebas o intervenciones quirúrgicas no urgentes, así como la anulación o postergación de consultas o tratamientos y por ello un incremento en la duración mayor de las bajas laborales y además el empeoramiento de la salud laboral, en consecuencia, al no poder disponer de tratamiento en tiempo y forma. En el confinamiento y la desescalada la duración media de las bajas se incrementó en un 84,48%; por procesos el incremento fue del 503,58% en las enfermedades respiratorias, del 215,88%, en las enfermedades infecciosas, del 60,73% en las enfermedades endocrinas, del 45;42% de las enfermedades de la sangre, del 45,09% de las enfermedades digestivas, del 35,63% en los trastornos osteomioarticulares, del 34,12% en las neoplasias, del 33,37% en las enfermedades circulatorias, del 31,94% de los «procedimientos», y del 29,56% de los trastornos mentales. Las bajas prolongadas (PIT) que alcanzaron los 365 días se incrementaron en un 25,27%, respecto del mes de octubre del año anterior. Las bajas prolongadas por enfermedades endocrinas y de la nutrición se incrementaron en un 28,50, por trastornos mentales en un 28,20%, por trastornos osteomusculares en un 26,70, por neoplasias en un 26,49%, por enfermedades respiratorias en un 24,27%, por enfermedades del sistema nervioso en un 22,79%, por enfermedades cardiovasculares en un 20,48%, y por enfermedades digestivas en un 19,24%. Como consecuencia del COVID-19, se expuso a un riesgo añadido y nuevo a la población trabajadora; sanitarios y socio sanitarios sufrieron la enfermedad como consecuencia directa de su trabajo por enfermedad de indudable carácter profesional. Los efectos del COVID-19 en el retraso de pruebas, cirugías o tratamientos en procesos «No COVID-19» y las dificultades de contacto asistencial empeoraron la salud laboral, prolongando las situaciones de incapacidad y elevando el riesgo que encierran las incapacidades prolongadas de no retorno laboral por la esperada mala evolución de cualquier proceso cuando no puede ser tratado y atendido de forma temprana.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Introduction: Temporary disability due to COVID-19 was expressly regulated, through various rules and instructions, covering both isolation by contact, by infection or for sensitive workers. It involved the integration of preventive labor protection covered by its protection in a financial benefit with the highest amount. Analyzing the consequences of the pandemic in the first wave, confinement, de-escalation and return to normality, months from March to October, the «collapsing» impact of COVID-19 on the health system led to the paralysis and increase of waiting lists for tests, operations and non-urgent consultations of the rest of pathologies, and consequently a high increase in the average duration of sick leave for all processes, in confinement and de-escalation in 84.48% and in 25.27% the prolonged casualties that reached more than 365 days. Consequently, COVID-19 as a collateral effect led to a poor evolution of the rest of the processes, prolonging the duration of temporary disabilities, which implies a worsening of occupational health, a greater risk of not returning to work that occurs during sick leave long, higher risk of unemployment, higher spending on benefits and economic decline for companies and the self-employed. Temporary disability due to COVID-19 accounted for 38.73% of all casualties at the end of October 2020. Conclusions: The pandemic forced to prioritize resources around COVID-19, collapsing the care of the rest of pathologies, except for emergencies or vital treatments. This meant an increase in waiting lists for non-urgent consultations, tests or surgical interventions, as well as the cancellation or postponement of consultations or treatments and therefore an increase in the longer duration of sick leave and also the worsening of occupational health, consequently, by not being able to have treatment in a timely manner. In confinement and de-escalation, the average duration of casualties increased by 84.48%; by processes, the increase was 503.58% in respiratory diseases, 215.88%, in infectious diseases, 60.73% in endocrine diseases, 45; 42% of blood diseases, 45 09% for digestive diseases, 35.63% for osteomyoarticular disorders, 34.12% for neoplasms, 33.37% for circulatory diseases, 31.94% for «procedures», and 29.56% of mental disorders. Long-term sick leave (PIT) that reached 365 days increased by 25.27%, compared to the month of October of the previous year. Prolonged sick leave due to endocrine and nutritional diseases increased by 28.50, from mental disorders by 28.20%, from musculoskeletal disorders by 26.70, from neoplasms by 26.49%, from respiratory diseases in 24.27%, for diseases of the nervous system in 22.79%, for cardiovascular diseases in 20.48%, and for digestive diseases in 19.24%. As a consequence of COVID-19, the working population was exposed to an added and new risk; health and social health workers suffered the disease as a direct consequence of their work due to illness of an undoubted professional nature. The effects of COVID-19 on the delay of tests, surgeries or treatments in «No COVID-19» processes and the difficulties of contact with care worsened occupational health, prolonging disability situations and increasing the risk of prolonged non-COVID-19 disabilities, return to work due to the expected poor evolution of any process when it cannot be treated and attended to early.

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          How mental health care should change as a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic

          Summary The unpredictability and uncertainty of the COVID-19 pandemic; the associated lockdowns, physical distancing, and other containment strategies; and the resulting economic breakdown could increase the risk of mental health problems and exacerbate health inequalities. Preliminary findings suggest adverse mental health effects in previously healthy people and especially in people with pre-existing mental health disorders. Despite the heterogeneity of worldwide health systems, efforts have been made to adapt the delivery of mental health care to the demands of COVID-19. Mental health concerns have been addressed via the public mental health response and by adapting mental health services, mostly focusing on infection control, modifying access to diagnosis and treatment, ensuring continuity of care for mental health service users, and paying attention to new cases of mental ill health and populations at high risk of mental health problems. Sustainable adaptations of delivery systems for mental health care should be developed by experts, clinicians, and service users, and should be specifically designed to mitigate disparities in health-care provision. Thorough and continuous assessment of health and service-use outcomes in mental health clinical practice will be crucial for defining which practices should be further developed and which discontinued. For this Position Paper, an international group of clinicians, mental health experts, and users of mental health services has come together to reflect on the challenges for mental health that COVID-19 poses. The interconnectedness of the world made society vulnerable to this infection, but it also provides the infrastructure to address previous system failings by disseminating good practices that can result in sustained, efficient, and equitable delivery of mental health-care delivery. Thus, the COVID-19 pandemic could be an opportunity to improve mental health services.
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            Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study

            Background There is major concern about the impact of the global COVID-19 outbreak on mental health. Several studies suggest that mental health deteriorated in many countries before and during enforced isolation (ie, lockdown), but it remains unknown how mental health has changed week by week over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to explore the trajectories of anxiety and depression over the 20 weeks after lockdown was announced in England, and compare the growth trajectories by individual characteristics. Methods In this prospective longitudinal observational study, we analysed data from the UCL COVID-19 Social Study, a panel study weighted to population proportions, which collects information on anxiety (using the Generalised Anxiety Disorder assessment) and depressive symptoms (using the Patient Health Questionnaire) weekly in the UK since March 21, 2020. We included data from adults living in England who had at least three repeated measures between March 23 and Aug 9, 2020. Analyses were done using latent growth models, which were fitted to account for sociodemographic and health covariates. Findings Between March 23, and Aug 9, data from over 70 000 adults were collected in the UCL COVID-19 Social Study. When including participants living in England with three follow-up measures and no missing values, our analytic sample consisted of 36 520 participants. The average depression score was 6·6 (SD=6·0, range 0–27) and the average anxiety score 5·7 (SD=5·6, range 0–21) in week 1. Anxiety and depression levels both declined across the first 20 weeks following the introduction of lockdown in England (b=–1·93, SE=0·26, p<0·0001 for anxiety; b=–2·52, SE=0·28, p<0·0001 for depressive symptoms). The fastest decreases were seen across the strict lockdown period (between weeks 2 and 5), with symptoms plateauing as further lockdown easing measures were introduced (between weeks 16 and 20). Being a woman or younger, having lower educational attainment, lower income, or pre-existing mental health conditions, and living alone or with children were all risk factors for higher levels of anxiety and depression at the start of lockdown. Many of these inequalities in experiences were reduced as lockdown continued, but differences were still evident 20 weeks after the start of lockdown. Interpretation These data suggest that the highest levels of depression and anxiety occurred in the early stages of lockdown but declined fairly rapidly, possibly because individuals adapted to circumstances. Our findings emphasise the importance of supporting individuals in the lead-up to future lockdowns to try to reduce distress, and highlight that groups already at risk for poor mental health before the pandemic have remained at risk throughout lockdown and its aftermath. Funding Nuffield Foundation, UK Research and Innovation, Wellcome Trust.
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              Mortality due to cancer treatment delay: systematic review and meta-analysis

              Abstract Objective To quantify the association of cancer treatment delay and mortality for each four week increase in delay to inform cancer treatment pathways. Design Systematic review and meta-analysis. Data sources Published studies in Medline from 1 January 2000 to 10 April 2020. Eligibility criteria for selecting studies Curative, neoadjuvant, and adjuvant indications for surgery, systemic treatment, or radiotherapy for cancers of the bladder, breast, colon, rectum, lung, cervix, and head and neck were included. The main outcome measure was the hazard ratio for overall survival for each four week delay for each indication. Delay was measured from diagnosis to first treatment, or from the completion of one treatment to the start of the next. The primary analysis only included high validity studies controlling for major prognostic factors. Hazard ratios were assumed to be log linear in relation to overall survival and were converted to an effect for each four week delay. Pooled effects were estimated using DerSimonian and Laird random effect models. Results The review included 34 studies for 17 indications (n=1 272 681 patients). No high validity data were found for five of the radiotherapy indications or for cervical cancer surgery. The association between delay and increased mortality was significant (P<0.05) for 13 of 17 indications. Surgery findings were consistent, with a mortality risk for each four week delay of 1.06-1.08 (eg, colectomy 1.06, 95% confidence interval 1.01 to 1.12; breast surgery 1.08, 1.03 to 1.13). Estimates for systemic treatment varied (hazard ratio range 1.01-1.28). Radiotherapy estimates were for radical radiotherapy for head and neck cancer (hazard ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.14), adjuvant radiotherapy after breast conserving surgery (0.98, 0.88 to 1.09), and cervix cancer adjuvant radiotherapy (1.23, 1.00 to 1.50). A sensitivity analysis of studies that had been excluded because of lack of information on comorbidities or functional status did not change the findings. Conclusions Cancer treatment delay is a problem in health systems worldwide. The impact of delay on mortality can now be quantified for prioritisation and modelling. Even a four week delay of cancer treatment is associated with increased mortality across surgical, systemic treatment, and radiotherapy indications for seven cancers. Policies focused on minimising system level delays to cancer treatment initiation could improve population level survival outcomes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                mesetra
                Medicina y Seguridad del Trabajo
                Med. segur. trab.
                Escuela Nacional de Medicina del Trabajo. Instituto de Salud Carlos III (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                0465-546X
                1989-7790
                March 2021
                : 67
                : 262
                : 37-72
                Affiliations
                [2] Murcia orgnameInstituto Nacional de la Seguridad Social orgdiv1Unidad Médica Equipo Valoración Incapacidades España
                [1] Murcia orgnameUniversidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia orgdiv1Cátedra de Medicina Evaluadora y Pericial Spain
                Article
                S0465-546X2021000100037 S0465-546X(21)06726200037
                10.4321/s0465-546x2021000100004
                b06e22a1-f1c0-4dec-b4f9-4a4cfa22d043

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 12 March 2021
                : 30 January 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 33, Pages: 36
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Inspección Médica

                COVID-19,occupational disability,sick leave,sickness absence,occupational health,prevention,Incapacidad Temporal,absentismo por enfermedad,salud laboral,prevención

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