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      Drug Design, Development and Therapy (submit here)

      This international, peer-reviewed Open Access journal by Dove Medical Press focuses on the design and development of drugs, as well as the clinical outcomes, patient safety, and programs targeted at the effective and safe use of medicines. Sign up for email alerts here.

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      Cytokine and Chemokine Profile Changes in Patients After Intravitreal Conbercept Injection for Diabetic Macular Edema

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          This study aimed to investigate the concentrations of cytokines and chemokines in diabetic macular edema (DME) eyes before and during therapy with the intravitreal injection of conbercept (IVC) and to identify associations with disease activity.

          Methods

          The Bio-Plex ® 200 System and the Bio-PlexTM Human Cytokine Standard 27-Plex, Group I (Bio-Rad, Hercules, California, USA) were used to detect cytokine levels in aqueous humour. Experimental aqueous humour samples were collected from 18 patients with DME at the same time that IVC was performed at baseline and at 1 month. Control aqueous humour samples were collected from 16 patients undergoing cataract surgery.

          Results

          Significantly higher concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), interleukin 6 (IL-6), IL-8, eotaxin, granulocyte colony stimulating factor (G-CSF), interferon gamma-induced protein 10 (IP-10), and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) were found in the aqueous humour of DME patients than cataract patients. One month after IVC, the intraocular concentrations of VEGF were significantly lower in the eyes of DME patients than at baseline. No other cytokines were significantly altered by conbercept therapy. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) slightly improved following IVC compared with that at baseline, although this difference was not significant, and central macular thickness (CMT) significantly decreased 1 month after IVC treatment.

          Conclusion

          Angiogenic, inflammatory and growth factors are involved in the development of DME. With the exception of VEGF, IVC did not cause significant differences in any inflammatory cytokines or growth factors in DME patients. CMT is related to VEGF levels in aqueous humour.

          Most cited references31

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          Randomized trial evaluating ranibizumab plus prompt or deferred laser or triamcinolone plus prompt laser for diabetic macular edema.

          Michael Elman, Lloyd Paul Aiello, Roy Beck … (2010)
          Evaluate intravitreal 0.5 mg ranibizumab or 4 mg triamcinolone combined with focal/grid laser compared with focal/grid laser alone for treatment of diabetic macular edema (DME). Multicenter, randomized clinical trial. A total of 854 study eyes of 691 participants with visual acuity (approximate Snellen equivalent) of 20/32 to 20/320 and DME involving the fovea. Eyes were randomized to sham injection + prompt laser (n=293), 0.5 mg ranibizumab + prompt laser (n=187), 0.5 mg ranibizumab + deferred (> or =24 weeks) laser (n=188), or 4 mg triamcinolone + prompt laser (n=186). Retreatment followed an algorithm facilitated by a web-based, real-time data-entry system. Best-corrected visual acuity and safety at 1 year. The 1-year mean change (+/-standard deviation) in the visual acuity letter score from baseline was significantly greater in the ranibizumab + prompt laser group (+9+/-11, P<0.001) and ranibizumab + deferred laser group (+9+/-12, P<0.001) but not in the triamcinolone + prompt laser group (+4+/-13, P=0.31) compared with the sham + prompt laser group (+3+/-13). Reduction in mean central subfield thickness in the triamcinolone + prompt laser group was similar to both ranibizumab groups and greater than in the sham + prompt laser group. In the subset of pseudophakic eyes at baseline (n=273), visual acuity improvement in the triamcinolone + prompt laser group appeared comparable to that in the ranibizumab groups. No systemic events attributable to study treatment were apparent. Three eyes (0.8%) had injection-related endophthalmitis in the ranibizumab groups, whereas elevated intraocular pressure and cataract surgery were more frequent in the triamcinolone + prompt laser group. Two-year visual acuity outcomes were similar to 1-year outcomes. Intravitreal ranibizumab with prompt or deferred laser is more effective through at least 1 year compared with prompt laser alone for the treatment of DME involving the central macula. Ranibizumab as applied in this study, although uncommonly associated with endophthalmitis, should be considered for patients with DME and characteristics similar to those in this clinical trial. In pseudophakic eyes, intravitreal triamcinolone + prompt laser seems more effective than laser alone but frequently increases the risk of intraocular pressure elevation. Copyright 2010 American Academy of Ophthalmology. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            A central role for inflammation in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy.

            Antonia Joussen, Vassiliki Poulaki, Minh Ly Le … (2004)
            Diabetic retinopathy is a leading cause of adult vision loss and blindness. Much of the retinal damage that characterizes the disease results from retinal vascular leakage and nonperfusion. Diabetic retinal vascular leakage, capillary nonperfusion, and endothelial cell damage are temporary and spatially associated with retinal leukocyte stasis in early experimental diabetes. Retinal leukostasis increases within days of developing diabetes and correlates with the increased expression of retinal intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and CD18. Mice deficient in the genes encoding for the leukocyte adhesion molecules CD18 and ICAM-1 were studied in two models of diabetic retinopathy with respect to the long-term development of retinal vascular lesions. CD18-/- and ICAM-1-/- mice demonstrate significantly fewer adherent leukocytes in the retinal vasculature at 11 and 15 months after induction of diabetes with STZ. This condition is associated with fewer damaged endothelial cells and lesser vascular leakage. Galactosemia of up to 24 months causes pericyte and endothelial cell loss and formation of acellular capillaries. These changes are significantly reduced in CD18- and ICAM-1-deficient mice. Basement membrane thickening of the retinal vessels is increased in long-term galactosemic animals independent of the genetic strain. Here we show that chronic, low-grade subclinical inflammation is responsible for many of the signature vascular lesions of diabetic retinopathy. These data highlight the central and causal role of adherent leukocytes in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy. They also underscore the potential utility of anti-inflammatory treatment in diabetic retinopathy.
            Article 0 comments Cited 347 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              A role for local inflammation in the formation of drusen in the aging eye.

              Don H Anderson, Robert F. Mullins, Gregory Hageman … (2002)
              The accumulation of numerous or confluent drusen, especially in the macula, is a significant risk factor for the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Identifying the origin and molecular composition of these deposits, therefore, has been an important, yet elusive, objective for many decades. Recently, a more complete profile of the molecular composition of drusen has emerged. In this focused review, we discuss these new findings and their implications for the pathogenic events that give rise to drusen and AMD. Tissue specimens from one or both eyes of more than 400 human donors were examined by light, confocal or electron microscopy, in conjunction with antibodies to specific drusen-associated proteins, to help characterize the transitional events in drusen biogenesis. Quantification of messenger RNA from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE)/choroid of donor eyes was used to determine if local ocular sources for drusen-associated molecules exist. The results indicate that cellular remnants and debris derived from degenerate RPE cells become sequestered between the RPE basal lamina and Bruch's membrane. We propose that this cellular debris constitutes a chronic inflammatory stimulus, and a potential "nucleation" site for drusen formation. The entrapped cellular debris then becomes the target of encapsulation by a variety of inflammatory mediators, some of which are contributed by the RPE and, perhaps, other local cell types; and some of which are extravasated from the choroidal circulation. The results support a role for local inflammation in drusen biogenesis, and suggest that it is analogous to the process that occurs in other age-related diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease and atherosclerosis, where accumulation of extracellular plaques and deposits elicits a local chronic inflammatory response that exacerbates the effects of primary pathogenic stimuli.
              Article 0 comments Cited 274 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Drug Des Devel Ther
                Journal ID (publisher-id): DDDT
                Journal ID (pmc): dddt
                Title: Drug Design, Development and Therapy
                Publisher: Dove
                ISSN (Electronic): 1177-8881
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 December 2019
                Publication date Collection: 2019
                Volume: 13
                Pages: 4367-4374
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai 200072, People’s Republic of China
                [2 ]School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University , Nanjing 211166, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
                [3 ]Department of Ophthalmology, Bayannuer Paralympic Eye Hospital , Inner Mongolia 015000, People’s Republic of China
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Qing Peng Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai Tenth People’s Hospital, Tongji University , Shanghai200072, People’s Republic of ChinaTel +86 13220811345 Email pengqing@tongji.edu.cn
                [*]

                These authors contributed equally to this work

                Article
                Publisher ID: 222004
                DOI: 10.2147/DDDT.S222004
                PMC ID: 6935285
                PubMed ID: 31920286
                SO-VID: b07edf4d-98e8-4df7-9096-0705df66b330
                Copyright © © 2019 Wei et al.
                License:

                This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution – Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms ( https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php).

                History
                Date received : 05 July 2019
                Date accepted : 05 December 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 4, Tables: 3, References: 43, Pages: 8
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: diabetic macular oedema,conbercept,intravitreal implant,intraocular cytokines
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Keywords: diabetic macular oedema, conbercept, intravitreal implant, intraocular cytokines

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